Cognition for Intelligent Robotics Consciousness and Ethics Joanna J. Bryson University of Bath, United Kingdom
Outline • Conscious Robots • Building Robots Ethically
Crude, Cheesy, Second-Rate Consciousness Joanna J. Bryson Second Annual Vienna Conference on Consciousness (2008) AISB Symposium on Computing & Philosophy (2009) Science properly referenced in paper, demonstrated further in Bryson (CogSci 2009).
“If the best the roboticists can hope for is the creation of some crude, cheesy, second-rate artificial consciousness, they still win.” D. C. Dennett (1994), “The Practical Requirements for Making a Conscious Robot”, Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and Engineering , 349 p. 137 (133-146).
What’s Consciousness? it is nor hand, nor foot, nor arm, nor face, nor SG5-UT Robotic Arm any other part belonging to a man. Tad McGeer's passive dynamic walker Glenn Matsumura, Wired 2007 Chuck Rosenberg ʼ s IT, 1997
by any other name?
by any other name? what qualifies for consciousness?
Syst em soft ware (0t h) Syst em soft ware (commercial processor) “Building Periperhal Mot ion Vergence Ullman-esque Physical schema Brains Saccades based st ereo visual rout ines based obj. recog. VO R Smoot h pursuit Face pop-out s Face remembering Face recognit ion for Head/ body/ eye/ coord Head/ eye coord Gest ure recognit ion Facial gest ure recog. Body mot ion recog. Bodies”, Own hand t racking Specific obj. recog. Generic object recog. Brooks Bring hands Hand Grasping, Body-based met aphors midline linking & t ransf er & Stein DOF reduct ion DOF reduct ion Bat t ing st at ic (specific coords) (generic coords) object s (1993), Body st abilit y, Body+arm reaching Body mimicry leaning, rest ing MIT AI Manipulat ion t urn t aking Sound localizat ion Sound-based manip. Voice/ face assoc lab tech Sound/ mot ion correl Human voice ext ract ion Prot o language report Tone ident ificat ion Voice t urn t aking Visual imagery Symbolizat ion 1439. Ment al rehearsal Imaginat ion Mult iple-draft s emergence Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7
Syst em soft ware (0t h) Syst em soft ware (commercial processor) “Building Periperhal Mot ion Vergence Ullman-esque Physical schema Brains Saccades based st ereo visual rout ines based obj. recog. VO R Smoot h pursuit Face pop-out s Face remembering Face recognit ion for Head/ body/ eye/ coord Head/ eye coord Gest ure recognit ion Facial gest ure recog. Body mot ion recog. Bodies”, Own hand t racking Specific obj. recog. Generic object recog. Brooks Bring hands Hand Grasping, Body-based met aphors midline linking & t ransf er & Stein DOF reduct ion DOF reduct ion Bat t ing st at ic (specific coords) (generic coords) object s (1993), Body st abilit y, Body+arm reaching Body mimicry leaning, rest ing MIT AI Manipulat ion t urn t aking Sound localizat ion Sound-based manip. Voice/ face assoc lab tech Sound/ mot ion correl Human voice ext ract ion Prot o language report Tone ident ificat ion Voice t urn t aking Visual imagery Symbolizat ion 1439. Ment al rehearsal Imaginat ion Mult iple-draft s emergence Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7
Syst em soft ware (0t h) Syst em soft ware (commercial processor) “Building Periperhal Mot ion Vergence Ullman-esque Physical schema Brains Saccades based st ereo visual rout ines based obj. recog. VO R Smoot h pursuit Face pop-out s Face remembering Face recognit ion for Head/ body/ eye/ coord Head/ eye coord Gest ure recognit ion Facial gest ure recog. Body mot ion recog. Bodies”, Own hand t racking Specific obj. recog. Generic object recog. Brooks Bring hands Hand Grasping, Body-based met aphors midline linking & t ransf er & Stein DOF reduct ion DOF reduct ion Bat t ing st at ic (specific coords) (generic coords) object s (1993), Body st abilit y, Body+arm reaching Body mimicry leaning, rest ing MIT AI Manipulat ion t urn t aking Sound localizat ion Sound-based manip. Voice/ face assoc lab tech Sound/ mot ion correl Human voice ext ract ion Prot o language report Tone ident ificat ion Voice t urn t aking Visual imagery Symbolizat ion 1439. Ment al rehearsal Imaginat ion Mult iple-draft s emergence Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 Sept 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7
Outline • The very idea of robot brains and consciousness. • Characteristics of consciousness. • A functional theory & animal models. • Consciousness in other intelligent systems.
Dennett (VCC08) “Contents arise, get revised, contribute to... the modulation of behavior, and in the process leave their traces in memory...” “Only [commonality is] the historical property of having won a temporally local competition with sufficient decisiveness... to enable recollection...” • Selection from concurrent options. • Indicated by episodic memory.
Outline • The very idea of robot brains and consciousness. • Characteristics of consciousness. • A functional theory & animal models. • Consciousness in other intelligent systems.
Function Theory • Consciousness is holding one stimulus in mind while searching options primed by it for a better response. • Only triggered when next action isn’t obvious (reflexive or trained). • Side effect 1: special types of learning. • Side effect 2: long reaction times. Focus attention longer when less certain.
Ex 1: find the green T
Ex 1: find the green T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Ex 1: find the green T
Ex 1: find the green T L T L L T L T L L L T T T T T T T L L T L L T T L L T T
Ex 2: Hippocampal & Episodic Memory • People who lose their hippocampus say they can’t remember anything, but can still be conditioned (and learn semantic knowledge.) • Rats that lose their hippocampus can be conditioned, but act like they can’t remember where they Med Associates Mazes were just earlier.
Ex 3: Learning New Rewards (or not) • Monkeys that learn chained pairs of values (A>B; B>C; C>D; D>E; E>F) normally are faster at assessing stimuli the further they are on the chain ( B>E faster than B>D ). • Elderly monkeys are always fast. • Elderly monkeys also don’t learn when you change the reward scheme -- not aware? Herb Terrace, Columbia, NY
Outline • The very idea of robot brains and consciousness. • Characteristics of consciousness. • A functional theory & animal models. • Consciousness in other intelligent systems.
Intelligent Systems Andrea Thomaz, MIT
Intelligent Systems Charlie Kemp, GA Tech Andrea Thomaz, MIT
Intelligent Systems by any other name? Charlie Kemp, GA Tech Andrea Thomaz, MIT
Intelligent Systems by any other name? How about “spreading- activation implementation of bounded depth-first Charlie Kemp, GA Tech search”? Andrea Thomaz, MIT
Conscious Systems Davide Vecchi, KLI
Conscious Systems 1. Hold one stimulus in mind (from concurrent options). Davide Vecchi, KLI
Conscious Systems 1. Hold one stimulus in mind (from concurrent options). 2. Search primed responses. Davide Vecchi, KLI
Conscious Systems 1. Hold one stimulus in mind (from concurrent options). 2. Search primed responses. 3. Take time proportional to uncertainty. Davide Vecchi, KLI
Conscious Systems 1. Hold one stimulus in mind (from concurrent options). 2. Search primed responses. 3. Take time proportional to uncertainty. • Concurrent cognitive systems • You, your browser & Google Davide Vecchi, KLI all remember the episode.
Dennett (reminder) “Contents arise, get revised, contribute to... the modulation of behavior, and in the process leave their traces in memory...” “Only [commonality is] the historical property of having won a temporally local competition with sufficient decisiveness... to enable recollection...” • Selection from concurrent options. • Indicated by episodic memory.
Conclusions • A few robots could already be called “conscious” (in a crude, cheesy, second- rate kind of way.) • Many robots and other technology are a part of conscious systems, using humans to focus the action & learning.
Outline • Conscious Robots • Building Robots Ethically
Building Robots Ethically Joanna J. Bryson
References • Joanna Bryson and Phil Kime, “Just Another Artifact: Ethics and the Empirical Experience of AI”, Fifteenth International Congress on Cybernetics, pp. 385–390, Namur, 1998. • Joanna Bryson, “A Proposal for the Humanoid Agent-builders League (HAL)”, The AISB Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and (Quasi-)Human Rights , ed. J. Barnden, pp. 1-6; Birmingham UK, 2000. • Joanna J. Bryson, “Robots Should Be Slaves”, in Artificial Companions in Society: Scientific, Economic, Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives , Yorick Wilks (ed.), John Benjamins, 2009 in press. • Joanna J. Bryson “Building Persons is a Choice”, an invited commentary on Anne Forest, “Robots and Theology”, Erwägen Wissen Ethik , November 2009 in press.
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