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CO 2 + H 2 O Sugar + O 2 200 billion tons of CO 2 fixed per year - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 19, 2023 •149 likes •729 views

Photosynthesis (cyanobacteria, protists, algae, plants) Light reactions Dark reactions light energy CO 2 + H 2 O Sugar + O 2 200 billion tons of CO 2 fixed per year Different forms of carbohydrates produced (glucose,

  1. Photosynthesis (cyanobacteria, protists, algae, plants) “Light” reactions “Dark” reactions

  2. light energy CO 2 + H 2 O Sugar + O 2

  3. • 200 billion tons of CO 2 fixed per year • Different forms of carbohydrates produced (glucose, starch, cellulose, lignins…) • Basis of most food chains • Directly and indirectly supports animals

  4. Herbivory: consumption of living plant tissues for food or water Similar to predation except: • generally does not kill the “prey” • “prey” generally cannot hide

  5. • Grazer • Stem-borer • Leaf-miner

  6. • Grazer • Stem-borer • Leaf-miner

  7. • Grazer • Stem-borer • Leaf-miner

  8. • Frugivore • Xylem-feeder • Phloem-feeder

  9. • Frugivore • Xylem-feeder • Phloem-feeder

  10. • Frugivore • Xylem-feeder • Phloem-feeder

  11. Why Is The World Green? • Plants make lots of sugars • Plants are abundant • Plants cannot move

  12. Chemical Defense Primary chemicals/metabolites : essential to plant growth and reproduction; found throughout plant kingdom (e.g. sugars, proteins, DNA, etc.) Secondary chemicals/metabolites : not essential to plant growth and reproduction; not universal throughout plant kingdom

  13. “Quantitative” reduced digestibility (high conc.) lignins silica tannins “Qualitative” toxins (low concentration) alkaloids glucosinolates cyanogenic glycosides

  14. Qualitative Alkaloids Numerous effects on metabolism & physiology… 14

  15. Qualitative Glucosinolates Releases sulfur groups, found in Brassicaceae… 15

  16. Qualitative Cyanogenic glycosides Releases HCN, cyanide blocks cellular respiration… 16

  17. Milkweeds : sticky latex sap containing glycosides 17

  18. 18

  19. Mechanical Defense • Prickles • Spines • Thorns • Waxy Cuticles • Trichomes 19

  20. Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle) Hollow, brittle hairs: 1. Histamine 2. Acetocholine 20

  21. Constituent Defense: Defense mechanisms always operating in plant • many mechanical defenses • most quantitative chemical defenses Inducible Defense: Defense mechanisms that can be turned on by external cue • many morphological changes • many physiological changes • many qualitative chemical defenses 21

  22. Ethnobotany: study of relationships between plants and people • Food (wild plants or agricultural) • Medicine • Fiber • Art • Spiritual

  23. • Why are some plants delicious? • Why are some plants poisonous? • Why are some plants pokey? • What does “safe” mean?

  24. • Poisonous • Side effects • Neutral • Beneficial

  25. Poisonous: immediately Castor Bean White Snakeroot Deadly Nightshade / Beladonna

  26. Poisonous: long term

  27. Side Effects Opium Poppy Buckthorn Tobacco Coca

  28. Neutral Grass Wood Cellulose Ponderosa Pine Kinnikinnick

  29. Edible Plants of South Dakota • Sweeteners • Greens/Vegetables • Fruits • Flour • Flavoring/Tea

  30. Factors Affecting Safety of Edible Plants

  31. • Amount consumed

  32. • Amount consumed • Details of preparation

  33. • Amount consumed • Details of preparation • Part of plant consumed

  34. • Amount consumed • Details of preparation • Part of plant consumed • Age or location of plant

  35. • Amount consumed • Details of preparation • Part of plant consumed • Age or location of plant • Season of the year

  36. • Amount consumed • Details of preparation • Part of plant consumed • Age or location of plant • Season of the year • Status of consuming person

  37. Sometimes it’s hard to predict…

  38. Sometimes it’s hard to predict… “Into the Wild”

  39. 39

  40. Wild Potato aka Alpine Sweetvetch Hedysarum alpinum pp. 216-217 40

  41. What killed Chris? • Theory 1: wrong plant (alkaloids) • Theory 2: Lathyrism (ODAP)

  42. Lathyrism • Named after genus Lathyrus • Contains ODAP (protein) • Grass Pea sometimes consumed • Can cause leg paralysis • Young men more affected

  43. What killed Chris? • Theory 1: wrong plant (alkaloids) • Theory 2: ODAP • Theory 3: another protein

  44. What killed Chris? • Theory 1: wrong plant (alkaloids) • Theory 2: ODAP • Theory 3: another protein • Theory 4: normal starvation

  45. Often there is contradictory info…

  46. Safety????? Black Nightshade

  47. Poisonous Plants of South Dakota

  48. Sometimes bad (oxalates)…. Dock and Sorrel, Rumex pp. 304-305

  49. Maybe bad (cardiac glycosides)… Milkweeds, Asclepias pp. 60-64 • Boil, don’t boil? • Change water, don’t change water? • Bitter, not bitter?

  50. Bad (alkaloids)… Locoweed, pp. 222-224 • Swainsonine (from a fungus) • Most widespread problem poisonous plant in western North America • Loco disease or ‘pea struck’ • Chemotherapy • Native

  51. Bad (alkaloids)… Monkshood aka Wolf’s Bane, pp. 310-311 • Aconitum • One of world’s most toxic plants • Digestive-cardiac-asphyxiation • Sometimes used for cardiac issues, nerve pain, cold feet —don’t use! • Native

  52. Jimsonweed ( Datura stramonium ) (not in book)

  53. Bad (alkaloids)… • Atropine & scopolamine • CNS & cardiac effects • Bad trips & death • Anesthesia & asthma treatment • Native to Mexico

  54. Bad (alkaloids)… Poison Hemlock, pp. 48-49 • Coniine • CNS effects • Medicinal? • Non-native

  55. Bad (alkaloids)… Water Hemlock, pp. 46-47 • Cicutoxin • CNS effects • Most poisonous plant in North America • Medicinal? • Native

  56. Plant families to be super careful with… Plant families that are usually safe… 56

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