Changing Testing and Simulations Needs for Grid Modernization Kevin Tomsovic Director of CURENT April 22, 2020 New Mexico EPSCoR Smart Grid
CURENT – An NSF/DOE ERC • Selected by National Science Foundation (NSF) and Department of Energy (DOE) from a few hundred proposals across all engineering disciplines. • Base budget: $4M/year for up to 10 years. Leveraged funding: $7M/year • First and only ERC devoted to power transmission. • Four universities in the US (UTK, RPI, NE, TU) • Industry partnership program (36 members as of Fall 2018) • Center began Aug. 15 th 2011. • CURENT Students: ~140 graduate and ~75 undergraduate
What is CURENT? Wide Area Control of Power Grid Power Grid HVDC PMU0 PMU0 WAMS PMU PMU PMU FDR Measurement &Monitoring Storage Communication Communication Solar Farm PSS FACTS Responsive Load Actuation Wind Farm Generator 3
Research Roadmap Year 1~3 Year 4~6 Year 7~10 Generation I Generation II Generation III Reduced interconnected EI, WECC and Fully integrated North American system Regional grids with >20% renewable ERCOT system, with >50% renewable with >50% energy (>80% instantaneous) (wind, solar), and grid architecture to (wind, solar) and balance of other inverter based renewable resources include HVDC lines clean energy sources (hydro, gas, (wind, solar) and balance of conventional System scenarios demonstrating a nuclear) (hydro, gas, nuclear) variety of seasonal and daily Grid architecture to include UHV DC Grid architecture to include UHV DC lines operating conditions super-grid and interconnecting overlay connecting with regional multi-terminal DC Sufficient monitoring to provide AC grid and FACTS devices grids, and increased power flow controllers measurements for full network System scenarios demonstrating complete Controllable loads (converter loads, EV, observability and robustness against seasonal and daily operating conditions responsive) and storage for grid support contingencies, bad topology or and associated contingencies, including measurement data Fully monitored at transmission level weather related events on wind and solar (PMUs, temperature, etc.) and extensive Closed-loop non-local frequency and Full PMU monitoring at transmission level monitoring of of distribution system voltage control using PMU with some monitoring of loads measurements Closed loop control using wide area Fully integrated PMU based closed-loop monitoring across all time scales and Renewable energy sources and frequency, voltage and oscillation damping demonstrating full use of transmission responsive loads to participate in control systems, and adaptive RAS capacity and rights-of-way frequency and voltage control schemes, including renewables, energy Automated system restoration from storage, and load as resources outages
CURENT Control and Coordination Architecture Resilience and scalability by Distributed – renewables, grid, storage, and demand as active control o participants Measurements – learning and adaptive, data-driven o Modularized and hierarchical – global signals distributed with context o Sharing resources – reduced impact of uncertainty o 5
Overview Testbeds as a Central Organizing Feature for Research • Future simulation and testing needs • Emphasis on integrative research at CURENT o Large Scale Testbed o Reconfigurable Grid Emulator – Hardware Testbed • Resilience concepts and testing needs 6
Changing Electric Power System • Small distributed generation • Large central generation • Inverter interfaced • Rotating machines • Actively controlled T&D • Passive transmission • Ubiquitous synchronized • Small number of sensing asynchronous sensors • Open network • Hierarchical communications • Market (transactive) driven • Costs driven • Reliability and resilience • Reliability focus considering focus considering a wide equipment outages variety of disturbances 7
Challenges for Future Grid Modeling and Simulation • Increasing number of power electronic interfaced devices High speed response of inverters o Loss of electromechanical coupling that has familiar dynamic characteristics o New load characteristics o Understanding restoration o Protection issues o • Emerging importance of communication systems Wide area closed loop controls o Open communication networks o Cybersecurity concerns o New contingencies o • More actively controlled distribution – increasingly difficult to separate transmission and distribution studies Modeling issues – e.g., unbalanced flows, dynamic models in distribution, time varying load characteristics o Microgrids o Protection systems o Scaling problems o • Performance requirements for both reliability and resilience Scenarios and required modeling is an open question o 8
CURENT Testbed Projects • Large Scale Testbed (LTB) : Virtual Grid Simulator with an Energy Management and Control System (Matlab based and Commercial-tool based) • Hardware Testbed (HTB) : Grid Emulator Development and Real-time Scenario Demonstration • Regional and National Power Grid Models 9
Engineered System Testbed Objectives Study ways to increase the transmission Provide research platforms capability, presently constrained due to for testing thrust technologies, network security considerations. especially modeling and control thrusts. Test different power electronics Develop scenarios to evaluate LTB/ technologies and system resilience with high penetration of architectures HTB renewable energy sources, for improving power flow and responsive loads, and energy reliability. storage on the future grid. Include real-time communication Demonstrate CURENT-developed controls, networks, real-time control, wide-area responsive load, protection, cyber security, and actuation. and wide-area renewable generation. 10
Background: Why the CURENT LTB? • Motivations for Large-scale Test Bed (LTB) To provide a closed-loop, real-time testing environment where advanced o energy management and control functions over the communication network can be prototyped To represent real-world measurement devices and actuator models that has o sensing, actuating and communication capabilities To provide a fully controllable and interactive cyber-physical simulation o environment with renewable generation and power electronic interface models To provide off-the-shelf large-scale dynamic test systems with high o penetration of renewables • LTB = Integrated Simulation Platform + Large-scale System Models 11
Broadly Two Types of Co-Simulation Coupling Fully Distributed (the HELICS approach) Fully Integrated (the Modelica approach) GridDyn GridLab-D Energy Plus (Transmission) (Distribution) (Building) Co-Simulation Engine • Glues various domain-software to simulate a • All models needs to be developed in the complex system Modelica-compatible tools • Solved separately; the co-simulation software • Simulated in one solver; data is tightly handles the stepping and data exchange coupled through library function calls • The user needs to design the interfacing • Require broad knowledge and extensive algorithms to guarantee meaningful co- experience simulation results 12
The Decoupled Architecture of LTB Co-Simulation Our Hybrid Approach: The Decoupled Architecture • Power system components are modeled in simulators (we integrate models) • EMS and control modules are decoupled from the simulator through data streaming (we decouple wide-area functions) • The simulator is responsible for stepping at the wall-clock speed (also known as real- time) • Modules can be developed independently and run simultaneously • Existing code or tools can be integrated and become interoperable
Design Considerations • Interoperability Modular architecture o Quick integration of new controls and algorithms o Easy to swap modules (simulators, EMS and controls) o • Measurement-based control integrations Simulate PMU sampling and streaming o Convenient interfaces for measurement-based control algorithms o Human-in-the-loop control from the visualization front-end o • Large-scale model complexity Reduced models for WECC, EI and ERCOT systems o 1000-bus North America power grid model with dynamics and HVDC o Verified models with real measurement data o 14
LTB Grid Simulation Engines Research and Prototyping Commercial Tool ANDES ePHASORSim • Flexible modeling • Real-time simulation • Built-in model supports (Modelica capability library and control blocks) • Fully open-source • Modelica support • Fully open-source • Python interfaces • Fast prototyping of • High-performance models and routines • I/Os for hardware-in- numerical library • Python flexibilities the-loop control • Written in C++ 15
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