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CEE 697K ENVIRONMENTAL REACTION KINETICS Lecture #21 Case Study: - PDF document

12/1/2013 Updated: 1 December 2013 CEE697K Lecture #21 1 Print version CEE 697K ENVIRONMENTAL REACTION KINETICS Lecture #21 Case Study: NOM-oxidant kinetics Primary Literature as noted Introduction Kinetic Spectrum Analysis 2 For


  1. 12/1/2013 Updated: 1 December 2013 CEE697K Lecture #21 1 Print version CEE 697K ENVIRONMENTAL REACTION KINETICS Lecture #21 Case Study: NOM-oxidant kinetics Primary Literature as noted Introduction Kinetic Spectrum Analysis 2  For mixtures of many closely related compounds  A new continuum of rate constants  E.g., NOM n   Kinetic: Shuman model   k t [ C ] [ C ] e i t i 0   Equilibria: Perdue model i 1  Very general, but highly subject to errors CEE697K Lecture #21 1

  2. 12/1/2013 Factors affecting DBP levels 3  Raw water NOM levels (e.g., TOC)  Specific precursor content of the RW NOM  NOM removal  Disinfection regime  type & dose  location in plant  contact time & temp  pH  Degradation in DS (affects some) CEE697K Lecture #21 NOM Origins 4 Upper Soil Horizon Lower Soil Horizon Litter Layer Lake Algae Aquifer Sediment & Gravel in Lake Bed CEE697K Lecture #21 2

  3. 12/1/2013 Practical Management Question: Which is the more important source? 5 or  allochthonous  autochthonous CEE697K Lecture #21 An Aquatic Humic “Structure” 6 Hydroxy Acid OH COOH From Thurman, 1985 HO COOH COOH Aliphatic HOOC Dicarboxylic Phenolic-OH Acid O OH HOOC HO Aromatic Aliphatic Acid Dicarboxylic Acid H 3 CO COOH COOH Aromatic CEE697K Lecture #21 Acid 3

  4. 12/1/2013 Chorine + Aromatics 7  Chlorination of Resorcinol  From Boyce & Hornig, 1983  All structures identified by GC/MS except those in brackets CEE697K Lecture #21 Aliphatics: Haloform Reaction 8 RLS is deprotonation (k 1 ) under many conditions  H+ - - O O O [ ] CH3 C CH3 CH3 C CH2 CH3 C CH2 Many LFERs exist  HOCl for estimating K a s OH -  E.g., Perrin et al., 1982 O O O HOCl HOCl Then relate CH3 C CH2Cl CH3 C CHCl2  CH3 C CCl 3 H 2 O H 2 O k 1 to K a - OH - O O O O - CH3 C CCl3 CH3 C OH CH3 C OH CEE697K Lecture #21 - CCl 3 CHCl3 4

  5. 12/1/2013 An Aquatic Humic “Structure” 9 Hydroxy Acid OH COOH From Thurman, 1985 HO COOH COOH Aliphatic HOOC Dicarboxylic Phenolic-OH Acid O OH HOOC HO Aromatic Aliphatic Acid Dicarboxylic Acid H 3 CO COOH COOH Aromatic CEE697K Lecture #21 Acid HPL= Hydrophi l ic NOM Fractions: HPO= Hydroph o bic Mass Balance A= Acids W= Weak B= Bases 10 u= ultra HA N= Neutrals 8% HPL-N 25% HA HPL-A 0% HPL-B 15% 3% FA FA 29% HPL-A 42% 9% HPL-N 11% HPO-N 7% HPO-B HPL-B W-HPO-A 2% 5% 4% Northeast MA W-HPO- Tap Water 16% Forge Pond uHPL-A HPO-B Granby, MA 22% HPO-N 0% 10 CEE697K Lecture #21 2% 5

  6. 12/1/2013 10 Absorbance Humic Acid 11 of Acid Sp. Abs. (L/m/mg-C) Weak Hydrophobic Acids Fulvic Acid Fractions 1 Hydrophilic Acids 0.1 Same DOC 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 Wavelength (nm) 254 nm CEE697K Lecture #21 Formation Potentials of NOM Fractions 12 70  FP 60  High dose TTHMFP (µg/mg-C) 50  Forces 40 reaction to endpoint 30 20 10 0 Weak Acids Fulvic Acid Humic Acid Neutrals Neutrals Bases Bases Acids 12 CEE697K Lecture #21 Hydrophilic Hydrophobic 6

  7. 12/1/2013 Aged leaves from 3 locations in Wachusett watershed Leaching Experiments 13 White White Red Oak Pine Maple CEE697K Lecture #21 14  Level 2 ecoregions CEE697K Lecture #21 7

  8. 12/1/2013 Leaching of leaves 15  Dark 1.8 9 Maple UV  Non-sterile 1.6 8 Oak UV conditions Pine UV 1.4 7 Maple SUVA UV 254 Absorbance (cm -1 ) Oak SUVA  Substantial slow 1.2 Pine SUVA 6 SUVA (L/mg-C/m) leaching of 1.0 5 organics 0.8 4 0.6 3 0.4 2 0.2 1 0.0 0 0 2 4 6 8   UV Leaching Time (days) 254 x    SUVA 100   DOC CEE697K Lecture #21 Leaching: Sp-THAAFP 16 180  Filtered leachate Specific THAA Formation (  g/mg-TOC) 160  Chlorinated & 140 analyzed for 120 THAAs 100  Mostly 80 trichloroacetic acid 60 40  THAA yield 20 divided by DOC 0  Specific THAA Dark Maple #1 Dark Maple #2 Dark Oak #1 Dark Oak #2 Dark Pine #1 Dark Pine #2 Light Maple Light Pine D.Biocide Maple Light Oak D.Biocide Oak (precursors) Specific THAA Formation for Leaching Study CEE697K Lecture #21 8

  9. 12/1/2013 COOH COOH CHO COOH Lignin Monomers OCH 3 CH 3 O OCH 3 17 OH OH OH OH 4-Hydroxy- 4-Hydroxy- Syringic acid Vanillic acid benzoic acid benzaldehyde CH 3 CH 3  Aromatic structures CHO CO CHO CO  from CuO degradation CH 3 O OCH 3 OCH 3 OCH 3  Syringyl OH OH OH OH  Vanillyl Vanillin 4-Hydroxy- Syringaldehyde Acetovanilione acetophenone  Cinnamyl COOH COOH CH 3 CO CH 3 O OCH 3 OCH 3 OH OH OH CEE697K Lecture #21 4-Hydroxy- Acetosyringone Ferulic acid cinnamic acid Lignin 18 From: Perdue & Ritchie, 2004 CEE697K Lecture #21 9

  10. 12/1/2013 Other plant products 19 Steroids Nucleic Porphyrins Acids Water Soluble Acids Terpenoids Amino Acids Mevalonic acid Misc. N & S compounds Acetate Flavonoids Unsaponifiable Liquids Pyruvate Proteins Shikimic Acid Saponifiable Liquids Carbohydrates Nitrogenous Aromatic Compounds precursors CEE697K Lecture #21 From: Robinson, 1991 Activated non-N precursors O COOH COOH Cl C OH 1, 2, or 3 chlorinations Cl Cl Cl initially Cl Cl And or chlorination of NH 2 OH NH 2 the amine NCl 2 NH 2 Aromatic Amines Cl Cl 20 COOH COOH Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl - NCl 2 H OH O NH 2 Cl 2 Cl Cl OH O Proposed degradation  OH OH OH pathway for 3-amino Cl Cl OH Cl COOH benzoic acid. Cl Cl COOH COOH O Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl O O O Cl Cl O Cl Cl OH COOH Cl OHl COOH COOH Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl HO Cl HO O O O O OH Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl -CO 2 O COOH COOH Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl HOOC Cl HO O O HO O Cl Cl Cl Cl OH Cl Cl O CEE697K Lecture #21 Cl Initial decarboxylation that we would predict for the para substituted compound is less likly here because the intermediate is not resonance stabilized 10

  11. 12/1/2013 THMs HAAs HANs TOX Unknown TOX Aromatic 0.08 0.7 6.0 7.7 7.8 Cl 2 Demand (M/ M) 0.07 0.6 0.06 0.5 Amines 0.05 M-Cl/M 0.4 M/M 0.04 21 0.3 0.03 0.2 0.02 0.1 0.01 0.00 0.0 Anthranilic acid 3 Aminobenzoic 4 Aminobenzoic acid acid Unknow n TOX Unknow n 16% THMs TOX 25% THMs 51% HANs 31% 1% THMs 38% Unknow n TOX 58% HAA6 HAA6 HAA6 45% 15% 15% HANs HANs 3% 2% CEE697K Lecture #21 4-Aminobenzoic Acid Anthranilic Acid 3-Aminobenzoic Acid Compare with Model Compounds 22 10-90%ile range for NOM Aromatics Nucleic Bases  Wide 1000 Simple Aliphatics Amino Acids range for Amino Sugars TriHAA Precursors (  g/mg-C) 100 models  Narrow 10 range for NOM 1 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 THM Precursors (  g/mg-C) CEE697K Lecture #21 11

  12. 12/1/2013 Elemental Ratios 23  Van Krevelen Plot From: Perdue & Ritchie, 2004 CEE697K Lecture #21 Size and Charge Relationships for NOM Fractions from: Bezbarua and Reckhow, 1995 -25 Hydrophilic Acids -20 Charge Density @ pH 7 (meq/g-C) -15 Humic Acid -10 Fulvic Acid -5 Weak Hydrophobic Acids Neutrals 0 Hydrophobic Bases Hydrophilic Bases 5 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Molecular Weight 24 CEE697K Lecture #21 12

  13. 12/1/2013 25 Van Krevelen diagram for the Dismal Swamp DOM, compound classes are represented by the circles  overlain on the plot. The distinctive lines in the plot denote the following chemical reactions: (A) methylation/demethylation, or alkyl chain elongation; (B) hydrogenation/dehydrogenation; (C) hydration/condensation; and (D) oxidation/reduction. CEE697K Lecture #21 Sleighter & Hatcher, 2007 [J. Mass Spec. 42:559] Fate & Transport: 26  Watershed  Water Treatment Plant “Full-scale monitoring  Natural system  Engineered System  Physical processes  Physical processes  Chemical processes  Chemical processes  Biological processes “Lab-scale  Biological processes simulation Fundamental Testing CEE697K Lecture #21 13

  14. 12/1/2013 Biodegradation of leaf leachate 27  ~ 50% biodegradable  Bacteria grow 1.2 preferentially on Phase 1 (C o =6.7 mg/L) NOM <3000 amu Phase 2 (C o =5.4 mg/L) 1.0 ) Phase 3 (C o =7.9 mg/L) o 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 DOC F 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 ti Time (Days) CEE697K Lecture #21 R Leaching & Biodegradation 28 0.6 Maple 60 120 Surface Waters Groundwaters 0.5 Specific THM-SDS (  g/mg-C) 50 100 Specific THMFP (  g/mg-C) Pre-exponential Term (a) Oak 0.4 Pine 40 80 0.3 30 60 0.2 20 40 0.1 10 20 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CEE697K Lecture #21 Cumulative Frequency 14

  15. 12/1/2013 Transport & Soil Properties 29  Case study: TOC & soil properties  Parallel watersheds in Australia (Cotsaris et al., 1994)  Clearwater Creek, high clay content: 2.5 mg/L TOC  Redwater Creek, sandy soil: 31.7 mg/L TOC  Presumed Attenuated of TOC by adsorption to clay soils  Impacts on specific NOM components & precursors ?? CEE697K Lecture #21 Subsurface processes 30 Effect of Bank Filtration on Precursors  River Bank Filtration 100  Weiss et al., 2001  AWWA ACE 80  Groundwater recharge THMFP/DOC (  g/mg) 60  Aiken & others 40 Ohio River 20 Wabash River Missouri River Ratio climbs over very short distances and then declines 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 CEE697K Lecture #21 DOC (mg/L) 15

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