Business plan: Knowledge Hub on Groundwater Management Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Sangam Shrestha and Yatsuka Kataoka
Importance of groundwater � Globally, groundwater provides � ~ 50% of current potable water supplies (serving nearly 2 billion people) � ~ 40% of self-supplied industry � ~ 20% of water use in irrigation � Asia and the Pacific, groundwater � Asia and the Pacific, groundwater � provides drinking water to nearly 32% of population � serves as a major source of irrigation water use • ~ 60% of the total agricultural water use in India • ~ 50%, 50%, 65% and 70% of total agriculture water supply in Shangdong, Henan, Beijing and Hebei provinces of China resp. • > 40% of crop water requirement in Pakistan Punjab � contributes to industrial water use • ~ 82% in Metro Manila (Philippines), 80% in Bandung (Indonesia), 60% in Bangkok (Thailand), 57% in Ho Chi Minh City(Vietnam), 15% in Tianjin (China) 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 2
Importance of groundwater � Groundwater use trends in Asia � Philippines: Industrial and domestic use increased annually by 14% and 11.5% resp. (1988-2001) � Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Groundwater withdrawal steadily increases, 34% of total demand � � Tianjin, China: exploitation (1991-2002) has exceeded safe yield in most districts 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 3
Groundwater management challenges � Depletion in groundwater table and land subsidence due to over extraction of groundwater � In China, groundwater level has declined in 30% 194 key cities in regions monitored (WEPA, 2007). � In Manila Philippines, groundwater abstraction has lowered groundwater table by 2.4m per year. Land subsidence in Bandung Land subsidence in HCMC Cumulative drop in water level and land subsidence in some Asian cities (IGES, 2007) 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 4
Groundwater management challenges � Groundwater contamination from anthropogenic and natural sources � Major contaminants are arsenic, fluoride, ammonium, chloride etc � In Manila, Philippines Cl level in some parts � In Manila, Philippines Cl level in some parts exceeds 17,000mg/l � In S.Korea (west), 5% of wells within 10Km from coast with Cl level above standards � In Lamphun province of Thailand, fluoride concentration is up to 15mg/l as against standard of 0.7mg/l � In Tianjin, groundwater contains high concentration of fluoride and dental floursis rate is 41% in urban area (Xu et al. 2008) The Distribution of Fluoride in Confined Aquifer III of Tianjin 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 5
Groundwater management challenges Asian cities Role of groundwater Groundwater problems Dhaka (Bangladesh) Sole source Falling groundwater levels Tianjin (China) Major source Land subsidence Nagpur (India) Major source Pollution from urban area Jakarta (Indonesia) Jakarta (Indonesia) Minor source Minor source Salinity intrusion Salinity intrusion Cebu city (Philippines) Major source Sal. Intrusion, pollution Jaffna (Sri Lanka) Sole source Sal. Intrusion, pollution Bangkok (Thailand) Major source Sal. Intrusion, pollution Tokyo (Japan) Major source Pollution Kathmandu (Nepal) Major source Falling groundwater levels Source: World Bank (1998), JICA 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 6
Groundwater management challenges � Climate change and its impacts on groundwater resources � Shift in precipitation ultimately shift in water balance of aquifer by increase or decrease of recharge. � Shift in precipitation also make surface water more unreliable which may force to development of groundwater resources. � Sea level rise is expected due to melting of ice sheets and glaciers as a result of global temperature rise. Rise in sea level would allow saltwater to penetrate farther inland and upstream in low lying river deltas (IPCC, 1998). Source: IPCC Technical Paper VI 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 7
Groundwater management challenges � Lack of clear policies on groundwater management and weak enforcement of groundwater laws � Lack of coordination between organizations responsible for groundwater management and overlapping of responsibilities groundwater management and overlapping of responsibilities � Lack of human resources with adequate knowledge on groundwater resources management � Lack of groundwater database and monitoring system 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 8
Research/education/training needs for sustainable groundwater management � Improving assessment of groundwater resources condition (monitoring and modeling) � Formulating or re-designing policy options (regulatory or direct and economic measures) to manage groundwater direct and economic measures) to manage groundwater resources � Reforming or creating new institutions responsible for groundwater management in integrated manner � Building capacity of decision makers (policy plus technologies) responsible for groundwater management 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 9
: As a knowledge Hub on Groundwater Management 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 10
Focus of Knowledge Hub on Groundwater Management A. Creating, Harnessing and Accumulating Knowledge for Better Groundwater Management Strategies through Research B. Sharing and Developing Knowledge for Better Policy/Decision Making through Capacity Building C. Serving as a Source and Storage of Knowledge through Networking 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 11
Vision/missions/objectives of Knowledge Hub on Groundwater Management Vision: Ensure the equitable and sustainable use and protection of groundwater resources in Asia and the Pacific region Mission: • Accumulating and sharing knowledge on the current status of groundwater resource condition and their management in Asia-Pacific regions • Conducting research to develop sustainable groundwater strategies to overcome the existing and anticipated problems in groundwater resources of Asia-Pacific regions • Developing capacity of those who are working for groundwater management in the Asia and the Pacific region for sound policy/decision making • Providing necessary assistance to the clients on the knowledge of groundwater management • Networking of policy makers, professionals and other relevant stakeholders who are working for groundwater management in the region Objectives: • To identify the groundwater quantity and quality status in urban and rural areas of Asia and the Pacific region • To identify the pressing issue related to groundwater quantity and quality urban and rural areas of Asia and the Pacific region • To formulate general and specific policy measures to improve the groundwater governance in urban and rural areas of Asia and the Pacific region 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 12
Research Network of IGES for Groundwater Studies (Sustainable Water Management Policy) 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 13
Network of IGES under Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) • Ministry of Environment, Cambodia • Ministry of Environment Protection, China • Ministry of Environment, Korea • Department of Water Resources, Water Resource and Environment Administration, Lao PDR. • State Ministry of Environment, Indonesia • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia • National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia • Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar • Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment, Thailand • Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment, Vietnam • Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Vietnam 1 st Annual Progress Review Meeting of APWF Knowledge Hubs, Singapore, 24 June, 2009 S. Shrestha & Y. Kataoka IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 14
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