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INAUT, a Controlled Language for the French Coast Pilot Books Instructions nautiques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes CNL 2014, Galway

What are Instructions nautiques ? A series of nautical books • Published by the French Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service • A supplement to the nautical charts • « Les meilleurs mouillages se trouvent ‘’Anchorage can be had in depths of à Outer Road, devant Gorey, sur la 3 to 5 fathoms 0.75 to 1.3 miles côte Est de l'île, et dans Saint Aubin's WNW of Shishmaref Light; sand bottom. ’’ Bay, sur la côte Sud. » ‘’ The best anchorages are in Outer Road, in front of Gorey, on the East coast of the island, and in Saint Aubin's Bay, on the South coast .’’ INAUT, a Controlle lled Lang ngua uage ge for the Frenc nch h Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions Nautique ques 2 Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

The French Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service SHOM • Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine • The branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features Hydrography of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time Oceanography • The description of the marine environment • The provision of hydrography and maritime cartography 3 main aims : • Support to defence • Support to government maritime and coastal policies INAUT, a Controlle lled Lang ngua uage ge for the Frenc nch h Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 3 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

Context Solutions offered by the Present practice Inconveniences Controlled Language The sea user plans A lot of disseminated the navigation route heterogenous Only relevant textual with nautical charts information to the information to be and corresponding route is displayed. retrieved and Instructions synthesized. nautiques volumes. Real-time collaborative INs updates are No real-time updates updates by navigation provided in print and no possibility for experts without format in addition to user to contribute. proficiency in ontology the original volumes. formalism. INAUT, a Controlle lled Lang ngua uage ge for the Frenc nch h Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 4 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

A SHOM Knowledge Base (KB) The SHOM aim • Building a KB dealing with both nautical charts and nautical instructions. Constraint 1 • The information contained in the KB has to be easily updatable by people not necessarily proficient in ontology formalism. Solution proposal • A CNL dedicated to the update and population of the SHOM KB. Constraint 2 • The Instructions nautiques have to be generated out of the KB. Solution proposal • Generation of texts in INAUT out of the KB and of LitINAUT (=Literary INAUT) via aggregation and referring expressions generation operations. INAUT, a Controlle lled Lang ngua uage ge for the Frenc nch h Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 5 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

Modelling the Instructions nautiques 1/2 IN Volume D2.1 France (Côte Sud) De la frontière espagnole au Cap de l’Aigle Chap. 0 Chap. 1 Chap. 2 Introduction Rens. généraux De la frontière espagnole au Cap Leucate §2.2 §2.1 De la frontière espagnole Généralités à Argelès-sur-Mer §2.2.1 §2.2.5 Cap Cerbère Du port de Banyuls-sur-Mer au port de Port-Vendres §2.2.2 Port de Cerbère §2.2.4 Port de Banyuls-sur-Mer §2.2.3 Du port de Cerbère au port Généralités Atterrissage Mouillages de Banyuls-sur-Mer La [Baie e de Banyuls] s] est limitée au NW par le [Cap d’ Osn sne] et à l’Est par l’ [île Grosse] osse] rattachée à la côte par un terre-plein. Elle est divisée en deux parties par l’ [île Petite] e] reliée au rivage par un terre- plein : à l’Ouest l’ [anse e de la Ville] e] bordée par une plage dominée par l’agglomération et à l’Est l’ [anse e de Fontaulé] é] qui abrite le port. INAUT, , a Controll lled d Langua nguage ge for the French nch Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 6 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

Modelling the Instructions nautiques 2/2 • 3 graphs • The hierarchical structure of the document • The geographic areas graph • The SHOM knowledge base • 2 functions • A function which maps georeferenced nodes of the hierarchical structure of the document and of the KB to nodes of the geographic areas graph • A function which maps leaf nodes of the structure to subgraphs of the KB • 2 sets • A set of titles of hierarchical subdivisions • A set of geopolygons • 2 functions • A function which maps nodes of the structure to the set of titles • A function which maps nodes of the geographical areas graph to the set of geopolygons INAUT, , a Controll lled d Langua nguage ge for the French nch Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 7 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

Knowledge Base 1/3 • Sets of: • Sets of names: • Concepts • Concepts • Attributes • Attributes • Simple relations • Simple relations • Complex relations • Complex relations • Types • Instances • Instances • Values INAUT, , a Controll lled d Langua nguage ge for the French nch Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 8 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

Knowledge Base 2/3 limité limitant est limité par [baie de Banyuls] [cap d’ Osne] limite agglomération divisé NW est divisé par est dominé par divise domine sép. [île Grosse] [anse de la Ville] [île Petite] [anse de Fontaulé] E rattachant W E borde plage reliant @ind=true est bordé par est rattaché par est abrité par rattache est relié par abrite relie rattaché terre-plein terre-plein rivage port côte @ind=true @ind=true INAUT, a Controlle lled Lang ngua uage ge for the Frenc nch h Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 9 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

Knowledge Base 3/3 bounded delimiting is bounded by [Banyuls bay] [Osne cape] delimits conurbation divided NW Is divided into Is dominated by divides dominates sep. [Grosse island] [City cove] [Petite island] [Fontaulé cove] E connecting W E borders beach connecting @ind=true is bordered by is connected by is sheltered by connects is connected by shelters connects connected land fill land fill shore harbor coast @ind=true @ind=true INAUT, a Controlle lled Lang ngua uage ge for the Frenc nch h Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 10 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

The controlled languages INAUT and LitINAUT 1/3 A s simple ple grammar: • All nouns belong to the set of lexical references for instances of the KB and to the set of values of attributes of the KB All verbs belong to the set of names of complex and simple relations • All adjectives belong to the set of values of attributes of the KB • • Modifiers, determinants and prepositions belong to a closed list S  NP VP NP  modif det NN | det NN | NN NN  adj NN | NN adj noun VP  verb NP | verb NP PP PP  prep det NN | prep NN … INAUT, a Controlle lled Lang ngua uage ge for the Frenc nch h Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 12 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes

The controlled languages INAUT and LitINAUT 2/3 Verbs: • Always in 3rd person or infinitive • Can be active or passive: • Voice can be changed • Permutation of the NPs in subject and object position The Banyuls bay is bounded by the Osne cape to the NW. La [baie de Banyuls] est limitée par le [cap d’ Osne] au NW. The Osne cape delimits the Banyuls Le [cap d’ Osne] limite la [baie de Banyuls] au NW. bay to the NW. INAUT, a Controlle lled Lang ngua uage ge for the Frenc nch h Coast Pilot Books Instructio ions 13 Nautique ques Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes