Biorefinery, the bridge between Agriculture and Chemistry - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Biorefinery, the bridge between Agriculture and Chemistry Amsterdam, Brokerage Event 18 Januari 2007 Johan Sanders Professor Valorisation of Plant Production Chains Wageningen University and Research center

Energy consumption past and future Scenario A1F1 : A1F1 1500 Global economy, fossil fuel intensive 1250 Scenario A2 : Yearly energy production, EJ Regional economy A2 1000 750 500 250 1900 1950 2000 2050 Jaartal

Energy transition Opportunities for the Netherlands 3 main lines Platforms Biobased raw materials  Savings Sustainable mobility Chain efficiency  Sustainability New gas, clean fossil fuels Sustainable electricity supply  Clean fossil fuels Built environment

Platform Groene Grondstoffen  30% substitution of fossil by Biomass in 2030 • 25% chemical resources (140 PJ) • 60% transportation fuels (324 PJ) • 17% heat (65 PJ) • 20% electricity (203 PJ)

How to get there? Transition paths 1. Sustainable development and production of biomass in the Netherlands as well as abroad 2. Realisation of the biomass import chain 3. Co-production of chemicals, transport fuels, electricity and heat 4. Production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) for the natural gas infrastructure 5. Innovative use of biobased raw materials for non-food and non- energy purposes and sustainable chemical products and processes.

30% Dutch fossil substitution by biomass in 2030: 900PJ Import (%) 50* 75 0 100 55/36 *** Land requirement (kha/PJ) 0 9 (2)** 5 3 Absolute land requirement (kha) 0 2300 (300) 1250 3550 * No additional import 450 ** no land required 400 *** additional import 70 350 10 reduction fossil PJ 300 70 250 0 36 81 chemicals 200 57 112 oil 37 150 261 fermentation/ethanol 24 + + + 78 100 44 electricity/heat/synth. natural gas 114 50 73 69 0 Total enhancing development aquatic cultures import raw and efficiency present (new )crops intermediate biomass products

How can Biomass best substitute fossile derived products? Integral cost prices Raw material cost Netherlands ( € /GJ end product) fossile ( € /GJ) energy is 3000PJ Heat 4 3 (coal) +/- 20% Electricity 22 6 (coal) +/- 20% Transport fuel 10 8 (oil) +/- 20% Average bulk chemicals 75 30 (oil) +/- 20% Other industry +/- 20%

Biomass can bring different contributions to the farmer ( € /ha) Assuming a yield of 10 tonnes dry weight per hectare, being 160 GJ, using whole crop and GAP up to 20 tonnes whole crop yield, 320 GJ/ha € /hectare • All Energy at coal value : 640 --- • All transportfuel : 1360 --- • All bulkchemical : 6400 --- • 20% bulkchemical, 80% Energy : 1800 – 3600 • 20% bulkchemical, 40% fuel, 40% Energy : 2080 - 4160

Pilot biorefinery line Foxhol (Groningen) (Prograss Consortium) Grass protein (products) white grass protein compound feed Green grass protein Protein Grass juice Fibers Grass juice concentrate compound feed Construction Polymer + ..... HTU- material extrusion Biofuel + paper products Ethanol

Functionalised chemicals can be made from Biomass without major enthalpy differences, but not from naphtha Enthalpy C x H z N C x H z N amine C x H z O y (OCH z ) v C x H y C x H y lignin C x H y O z naphtha oil / fat C x H z O y N S v C x H z O protein C x H z O y Biomass Oil / gas carbohydrate Biorefinary way Petrochemical way chemicals many one raw material many raw materials products

(Energy) efficient routes to industrially important diamines 1,2-Ethanediamine : rubber chemicals, pharma, lubricants,detergents Biomass B Biomass H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH A ethanol COOH Nafta NH 3 NH 3 O 2 O H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cl 2 NH 3 ClCH 2 CH 2 C H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 l NH 2 1,4-Butanediamine: polymers e.g. nylon-4,6 C H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 NH 2 COOH H 2 C=CHCH 3 NH 3 1.5 O 2 H 2 C=CHC N + + Biomass C H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 + NH 3 CH 4 HCN + Nafta Urea

Costs breakdown of Bulkchemicals ( € /ton ) at 40$/bbl non-functionalised functionalised Raw materials 200 650 300-500 400-650 Capital Operational 50 50 Recovery 50-100 50-100 725 1300 Total Derived from J.P. Lange (Shell)

Biomass potential for (partial) substitution of current bulk chemicals Timescale Short Medium Long Technology: un-established, large-scale, thermal, C1 combination with existing (subsequent steps) possible Feedstocks: various plant biomass and by-products Technology: :new and established, large and small C2 Technology: un-established, large-scale, thermal scale, predominently fermentation of pre-cursors, direct transformation of some (abundent) biomass (syngas, Fischer Tropsch, gasification etc..) combination with existing (subsequent steps) components possible, integrate into exisiting C3 production processes possible various plant biomass Feedstocks: Feedstocks: glucose / ligno(cellulosic), biomass components e.g. glycerine C4 Technology: unclear, possibly new and established, large and small scale, fermentation of pre-cursors or use of biomass components from bio-refinery, can integrate into existing production processes C5 Feedstocks: glucose / ligno(cellulosic) or specific component in biomass Technology: new, un-established, large- scale, thermal (and chemical) predominently lignin Feedstocks: C6 (aromatic) Functionalised Technology: new and established, large and small scale, fermentation of pre-cursors or use of biomass components from bio- refinery, can integrate into existing production processes Feedstocks: glucose / ligno(cellulosic) or specific component in biomass - chemical and biomass correlation Left to right : decreasing volumes AND the thicker the line the higher the volume

Many ‘Rotterdam’ chemicals can be produced from Biomass Example of short term substitution potential Ethylene epichlorhydrin glycol Physical / Chemical Chemical Chemical Propylene Biomass Isopropanol Glycerol glycol methanol Acetone Scheme. Chemical production in Rotterdam - a bio-based alternative for butadiene and ethylene. Current production by Shell Chemical and Lyondell

BbP: From biomass to product Developed by BbP Wageningen UR

Developments that should improve the biomass route  Lower raw material price  better refinery/ separation technologies/downstream processes  More efficient fermentations  Plant GMO to tailor make products  new material-properties  small scale technology and integrations that can give more income to the farmer

Effect of Pretreatment of Corn Stover Representation of Physical Changes Source: Michael R. Ladisch, Nathan Mosier, Gary Welch, Bruce Dien, Andy Aden, Phil Shane, Purdue University

Upscaling-30L lime pretreatment of straw + cellulase Reactor during enzymatic hydrolysis at t = 0 and t=24 h after adding enzymes EET project with consortium of 3 R&D institutes, 3 companies, 1 university

Pilot fermentation facilities Pilot-schaal fermentatie bij A&F Bakker et al., 2004

Project examples Fibre Processing Two 100% percent paid follow-up projects of a successful PPS Fibre Raw Materials-project  Enzymatic upgrading recycled fibres  Mill trials at two companies  Development compression refining  5 partners: Sappi, SmurfitKappa, BTS, KCPK & WUR  Building of continuous laboratory machine (2004)  First commercial machine in November 2006  ROI via the construction of BV

Other co-products as a consequence of biofuel production  if 10% of the WW transportation fuels are produced from corn, wheat, rape, palm, sunflower, cane this will supply 100 million tonnes of proteins  Several bulkchemicals might be produced from amino acids  Enzyme and/or fermentation technology will enable efficient processes

Source: PERP Report Ethanol 04/05-8

From gluten to bulkchemicals 2005: USA 5,5 Mtonnes DDGS à 60-110 $/ton; (90 € /ha) 2012: 15 M tonnes (only from ethanol) Byproduct value almost equal to ethanol value: 380 kg glutamic à 400/tonne = 155 70 kg serine à 700/tonne = 50 70 kg leucine ? = 150 kg essential aa’s à 1000/tonne = 150 300 kg other aa’s à 500/tonne = 150 Gluten products: total 500+ € /ha 3.5 m3 ethanol à 250/m3 = 875 € /ha

Development of Dutch BbE can be build on Dutch pilars: Agriculture, Chemistry, Ports. 1980/1995 6 Mton soy 50 PJ cake electricity ethanol 2007/2015 5 Mton lignocellulose lignocellulose accessable lignocellulo wheat N, P, 1 Mton N, P, 2 Mton glu, asp, s K protein K protein 50 PJ lys, trp, thr, met ethanol 2007/2015 compound fertilizer compound compound chemical 3 Mton rape feed feed feed (100.000 ton seed manure 50 PJ 2006 2009? 2012? biodiesel

WUR-BbP: Winner B-basic Innovation Trophy 100.000 € Collagen-like protein polymers for nanostructured thermoreversible gels Marc Werten, Helena Teles, Gerrit Eggink, Frits de Wolf

Forward integration and small scale operation reduces transport cost and seasonality and will give more income to the farmer Fields Farm Processing Present 100% 100% Return flow 10% Small scale Concept 100% processing 30% Return flow 70%