Biofuel production via therm al gasification of biom ass By Lasse Røngaard Clausen Assistant professor Section of Thermal Energy Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
W ho am I ? • Assistant Professor at the Section of Thermal Energy • Expertise in thermodynamic modeling and energy/ exergy optimization of complex energy systems – Focus on biofuel production via thermal gasification • Other research interests: – Exergy analysis of energy systems – Thermoeconomics – Integration of agriculture in the energy system – nutrient recycling • Recent projects at the Section of Thermal Energy – High temperature heat pumps – Low temperature heat to power (ORC, Kalina, other mixtures of working fluids, solar thermal power) DTU Mechanical Engineering 2 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Biofuel production via therm al gasification An overview Biomass Gasifier Syngas (synthesis gas) Biomass • Consist of CO and H 2 (the building blocks for chemical synthesis) Liquid fuel Synthesis reactor DTU Mechanical Engineering 3 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Agenda • Gasification of biomass – Gasifiers developed at DTU • Biofuel production plants – Proposed designs • Biofuel plants based on entrained flow gasification of torrefied biomass • Biofuel plants plants based on the Two-Stage Gasifier • Biofuel plants integrating electrolysis of water – Future work • Biofuel plants based on an oxygen-blown Two-Stage Gasifier • Biofuel plants based on an entrained flow gasifier with integrated torrefaction of biomass DTU Mechanical Engineering 4 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Gasifiers developed at DTU: The Tw o-Stage Gasifier • Downdraft fixed bed • High energy efficiency (~ 93% ) • No tar and low CH 4 in gas • Temperature out: 730 ° C • Small-scale plant (max 5 MWth) DTU Mechanical Engineering 5 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Gasifiers developed at DTU: The Tw o-Stage Gasifier ( The Viking Gasifier) • The Viking gasifier (picture) is 15-20 kWe • It has been successfully upscaled to 100 kWe • A 500 kWe plant is being built at the moment. • The Technology is now owned by the Danish company Weiss. DTU Mechanical Engineering 6 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Gasifiers developed at DTU: The Pyroneer gasifier • 2 fluidized beds • High tar and CH 4 in gas • Temperature out: ~ 650 ° C • Can convert almost any kind of biomass – Straw – Biogas residue • The ash can be used as fertilizer because temperatures are below 730 ° C DTU Mechanical Engineering 7 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Gasifiers developed at DTU: The Pyroneer gasifier • The Technology is now owned by the Danish power company DONG Energy • A 6 MWth demonstration plant is under operation at the moment (picture). DTU Mechanical Engineering 8 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Gasifiers developed at DTU: The Pyroneer gasifier Straw Cofiring with coal, oil or gas into Manure existing powerplant Pyroneer gasifier, or boilers LT-CFB plant Biogas residue Indirectly fired Wood gasturbines Sewage sludge Large Stirling engines Industrial waste Directly fired Household waste gasturbines, combustion engines Other agricult. waste or fuel cells (with gas cleaning) Meat-and-bone meal Production of liquid Reforming of the tar and fuels or more Etc. CH 4 in the gas is required valuable chemicals Suitable plant sizes : ~ 5-150 MWth (depending on the fuel and the application) DTU Mechanical Engineering 9 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Agenda • Who am I? • Gasification of biomass – Gasifiers developed at DTU • Biofuel production plants – Proposed designs • Biofuel plants based on entrained flow gasification of torrefied biomass • Biofuel plants plants based on the Two-Stage Gasifier • Biofuel plants integrating electrolysis of water – Future work • Biofuel plants based on an oxygen-blown Two-Stage Gasifier • Biofuel plants based on an entrained flow gasifier with integrated torrefaction of biomass DTU Mechanical Engineering 10 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Biofuel production via therm al gasification An overview Biomass Gasifier Syngas (synthesis gas) Biomass • Consist of CO and H 2 (the building blocks for chemical synthesis) Liquid fuel Synthesis reactor DTU Mechanical Engineering 11 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Biofuel plants: Proposed designs 1. Biofuel plants based on entrained flow gasification of torrefied biomass - Shows the potential of state of the art within biofuel plants 2. Biofuel plants based on the Two-Stage Gasifier - Shows the potential of small-scale biofuel plants - Economy at this scale is a great challenge – this must be outweighed by the advantages of small-scale (high-efficiency gasifier, co-production of heat). 3. Biofuel plants integrating electrolysis of water - Enables full conversion of the carbon in the biomass to biofuel - Enables conversion of electricity from fluctuating renewables (wind, solar) to biofuel for the transportation sector. DTU Mechanical Engineering 12 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Biofuel plants: Proposed designs ( 1 / 3 ) Biofuel plants based on entrained flow gasification of torrefied biom ass • Very large scale is possible by using torrefied wood pellets as fuel. • Torrefied wood has increased energy density (~ 20 MJ/ kg), which increases gasifier energy efficiency. • Almost all the syngas can be converted to fuel because the syngas contains few inerts (CH 4 , N 2 ) – oxygen-blown gasification is used. Chemical energy DME-RC Heat Gasification Synthesis • Modeling shows potential of energy efficiencies up to 59% (LHV) from Torrefication WGS untreated wood to DME – 64% including DME net-electricity. 59% 71% 73% 100% 90% Wood 17% 11% Off-gas 2% 10% 1% boiler DTU Mechanical Engineering 13 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Biofuel plants: Proposed designs ( 2 / 3 ) Biofuel plants based on the Tw o-Stage Gasifier • Small-scale due to the Two-Stage Gasifier • High energy efficiency due to high energy efficiency of gasifier • Modeling shows potential of energy efficiencies up to 58% (LHV) from untreated wood to DME – no net-electricity. Chemical energy Pyrolysis reactor Heat 630 C Wet Wood Steam gasifier Synthesis 115 C 200 C Gasification 750 C 1 bar Dry wood + steam 730 C Air 40 C 200 C Fly ash DME 58% Water Ash 100% 93% Wood 100 bar Air Gas 7% 24% engine Methanol reactor 400 C Gas-liquid 11% ~CO2 Engine separator 220 C 40 C Methanol (97 mol%) DTU Mechanical Engineering 14 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Biofuel plants: Proposed designs ( 3 / 3 ) Biofuel plants integrating electrolysis of w ater • All the carbon in the biomass ends up in the biofuel – therefore no CO 2 emission. • Potential for storing surplus electricity from renewables (wind, solar, etc.) • Modeling shows potential of energy efficiencies up to 115% from untreated wood to methanol – with electricity consumption the efficiency drops to 58% . Chemical energy Heat Electrolysis 30% Electricity 99% 45% 69% Water 24% 115% MeOH Typical gas com position from gasifier ( m ol% ) : 96% Electrolyser 29% H 2 100% 90% Wood 51% CO O 2 H 2 7% CO 2 O 2 13% H 2 O. 18% 22% 10% Off-gas Gas Biomass Gasifier 4% boiler Torrefaction Gasification Syngas Synthesis DTU Mechanical Engineering 15 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
W hy integrate electrolysis of H 2 O/ CO 2 in a biofuel plant? • If great amounts of fluctuating renewables (wind, solar, etc.) needs to be integrated in the electricity grid. This is the case of Denmark: – In 2011 28% of the Danish electricity consumption was provided by wind. – In 2020 the official goal is 50% – In 2050 the official goal is a fossil free energy system. • If the biomass resource shows to be very limited and expensive. In a recent Danish Study (CEESA), Biofuel plants with integrated electrolysis supplies 44% of the fuel for the Danish transportation sector in the 2050 Scenario (see next slide). DTU Mechanical Engineering 16 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
The CEESA 2 0 5 0 renew able energy scenario DTU Mechanical Engineering 17 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
Agenda • Gasification of biomass – Gasifiers developed at DTU • Biofuel production plants – Proposed designs • Biofuel plants based on entrained flow gasification of torrefied biomass • Biofuel plants plants based on the Two-Stage Gasifier • Biofuel plants integrating electrolysis of water – Future work • Biofuel plants based on an oxygen-blown Two-Stage Gasifier • Biofuel plants based on an entrained flow gasifier with integrated torrefaction of biomass DTU Mechanical Engineering 18 Biofuel production via thermal gasification of biomass 11/ 12/ 2012
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