ATI TEAS SCIENCE REVIEW Questions related to the macromolecules will - PDF document

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES ATI TEAS SCIENCE REVIEW Questions related to the macromolecules will test your familiarity of the four types of molecules. As the applicant, you will need to demonstrate understanding of how proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids function. Let’s get started in understanding how MACROMOLECULES macromolecules are important on the ATI TEAS. ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - PROTEINS These macromolecules are the food groups needed Macromolecules are very large molecules. Most are formed when Proteins are long chains of amino acid monomers. The long chains are by the body and can be broken down by hydrolysis organic molecules, also known as monomers, combine with covalent called polypeptides and they sometimes fold over to form three- (chemical breakdown of a compound due to bonds during dehydration reactions to form biological polymers. Most dimensional shapes. Different shapes have different functions. reaction with water) during digestion for use by the of the macromolecules are groups of the same monomer or similar body’s cells. monomers linked together over and over. Of the 20 primary amino acids, only 11 of these can be produced by the body itself. The remaining 9 must be obtained through the diet. These 9 There are four types of macromolecules amino acids are known as essential amino acids. They can be found in protein sources such as meat, eggs, fish, and some plant sources. • Proteins Carbohydrates • PHOTO CREDIT: HOLE HOUSE • Lipids Nucleic acids • ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - PROTEINS UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - PROTEINS Enzymes are a vital class of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. Without enzymes, life would not exist. They are essential for Hormones are another class of proteins with which you should be biosynthesis and perform many functions in the digestive system. There familiar. Hormones are signaling molecules produced by glands in are two categories of enzymes: catabolic enzymes , which break down endocrine system. They are transported by the circulatory system to their substrate, and anabolic enzymes , which use their substrate to organs throughout the body to regulate physiology and behavior. build more complex molecules. PHOTO CREDIT: WIKIHOW PHOTO CREDIT: CERTIFICATE BIOLOGY

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - CARBOHYDRATES UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - PROTEINS Carbohydrates molecules form with a ratio of carbon to hydrogen to FUNCTION OF PROTEINS oxygen 1:2:1. They can be classified into three subtypes: Proteins have many vital functions within the body, such as: • Monosaccharide is a simple sugar, with only 3-7 carbon atoms. • Proteins catalyze chemical reactions Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common monosaccharides. Proteins synthesize and repair DNA Disaccharide forms when two monosaccharides bond. Sucrose, • • lactose, and maltose are common disaccharides. • Proteins provide structural support • Polysaccharide is a long chain of monosaccharides. Glycogen, Proteins transport materials across the cell • cellulose, and starch are common polysaccharides. • Proteins respond to stimuli PHOTO CREDIT: ESCHOOLTODAY Proteins send and receive chemical signals • ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - CARBOHYDRATES UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES Fiber is a component found in carbohydrates that cannot be digested by the body. Because it does not break down into glucose, fiber adds Carbohydrates are the body’s source of quick fuel because they break bulk to the diet and improves the process of transporting foods through down faster in the body than proteins and fats. Carbohydrates covert to the digestive system. Adequate fiber intake can also be helpful for sugar, or glucose, which is a ready source of fuel. Simple carbohydrates, such as cane sugar, break down fastest when consumed. Complex controlling blood sugar levels. carbohydrates, such as grains and starchy vegetables, breaks down more slowly than simple carbohydrates and turn into sugar less quickly While some carbohydrates perform energy storage functions, other in the bloodstream. carbohydrates perform structural functions. The polysaccharide cellulose performs an important function in plant cells. The rigid cell wall is made up of cellulose. Another polysaccharide, chitin , performs an important function in arthropods: it forms an exoskeleton to protect their internal organs. Other carbohydrates, such as glycoproteins , have recognition functions. ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - LIPIDS UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - LIPIDS Lipids are macromolecules that contain hydrocarbons. They are highly FUNCTION OF LIPIDS reduced forms of carbon and when they are metabolized, lipids are oxidized to release large amounts of energy. Lipids are efficient source of fuel for the body; once digested, they Some lipids examples include break down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fats take longer to digest than either protein or carbohydrates, so they provide the body with • Fats sustained energy. Saturated fats are derived mainly from animal • Oils sources and tend to raise cholesterol and increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Unsaturated fats are derived from certain • Waxes vegetables, fish, and nuts. These fats can lower cholesterol levels, • Sterols PHOTO CREDIT: SLIDEPLAYER particularly monosaturated fats, such as those found in avocado and • Fat-soluble vitamins olive oil. • Monoglycerides • Diglycerides Lipids also have signaling functions and act as a major structural • Triglycerides component of cell membranes. • Phospholipids

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES – NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES – NUCLEIC ACIDS (RNA). FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA is a polymer made from a long string of repeating units called Nucleic acids carry out several cellular processes. They are especially nucleotides. Nearly all DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer involved in the regulation and expression of genes. strands that are coiled around each other to form a double helix shape. As you probably know, DNA stores biological information and is the hereditary material in all living organisms. PHOTO CREDIT: TECHNOLOGY NETWORK RNA is also a chain of nucleotides, but it usually forms a single strand folded onto itself, rather than a double-strand like DNA. RNA is mostly involved in protein synthesis. A type of RNA known as messenger RNA carries copies of the genetic information to ribosomes, where catalytic ribosomal RNA molecules and transfer RNA molecules coordinate to make a functional protein.