Aquaculture needs you! How solid science is needed by the - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aquaculture needs you! How solid science is needed by the aquaculture industry Tuna farming in Mexico – example of poor aquaculture practice Ronald W. Hardy, Director Aquaculture Research Institute

Topics to be covered • Global aquaculture – scale and scope • Aquaculture’s contribution to the food supply – Three examples: salmon, tilapia, shrimp • Challenges associated with aquaculture’s growth – Water resources – Feed resources • Science – academics & critical thinking – Science-based and value-based approaches – Scientists must strive to improve aquaculture, being critical is not enough – Examples of current research in fish nutrition

Global Aquaculture Marine net pen Shrimp ponds Shellfish

Examples of aquaculture production systems Tuna farm in Mexico Idaho trout farm

Scale and scope of aquaculture • Currently a $97 billion global business growing at 9% per year worldwide • Supplies half of fishery products (traditional fishing supplies the other half) • Major source of income and foreign exchange for many countries • Major source of protein for over 3 billion people • Average per capita fish consumption is 16.7 kg/yr (~37 pounds); US is half of this average • In Bangladesh, for example, 8% of diet may be fish and the rest consists almost entirely of rice

World fisheries landings and aquaculture production 250 Estimated 200 Million metric tons 150 Aquaculture Catch for food 100 Fish meal 50 0

Leading aquaculture producing countries Countries Production, metric tons (2006) China 34,429,122 India 3,123,135 Viet Nam 1,657,727 Thailand 1,385,801 Indonesia 1,292,899 Bangladesh 892,049 Chile 802,410 Japan 733,891 Norway 708,780 Philippines 623,369 United States ~500,000

Aquaculture production by country MMT USA Philippines Norway Japan Chile Bangladesh Indonesia Thailand Viet Nam India China 0 10000000 20000000 30000000 40000000

Aquaculture production by species groups metric tons 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0

Our global food supply PRODUCTS Million metric tons Cereals 1,886 Sugar crops 1,580 Root and oilseed crops 1, 271 Fruits, vegetables and others 1,358 TOTAL PLANT PRODUCTS 6,095 Milk and eggs 675 Meat and meat products 303 TOTAL ANIMAL 978 PRODUCTS Fisheries landings 64 Aquaculture 51 ALL TERRESTRIAL FOOD 7,188

Comparison of global food sources

US meat and fish consumption (pounds/person/yr) per capita consumption 90 80 70 Chicken 60 Beef 50 Pork 40 Turkey 30 Fish 20 Lamb 10 0 Chicken Beef Pork Turkey Fish Lamb

Top ten consumed seafood in the USA (pounds/person) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Tuna 3.5 Shrimp 3.4 Shrimp 3.7 Shrimp 4.0 Shrimp 4.2 Shrimp 4.1 Shrimp 4.4 Shrimp 3.2 Tuna 2.9 Tuna 3.1 Tuna 3.4 Tuna 3.1 Tuna 3.1 Tuna 2.9 Pollock 1.6 Salmon 2.0 Salmon 2.0 Salmon 2.2 Salmon 2.2 Salmon 2.4 Salmon 2.0 Salmon 1.5 Pollock 1.2 Pollock 1.1 Pollock 1.7 Pollock 1.57 Pollock 1.5 Pollock 1.6 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.0 Tilapia 1.0 Cod 0.8 Cod 0.6 Cod 0.7 Cod 0.6 Tilapia 0.8 Tilapia 0.9 Catfish 0.97 Clams 0.5 Clams 0.5 Crab 0.6 Crab 0.6 Cod 0.6 Crab 0.6 Crab 0.66 Crab 0.4 Crab 0.4 Clams 0.5 Tilapia 0.6 Crab 0.6 Cod 0.6 Cod 0.5 Flatfish 0.4 Flatfish 0.4 Tilapia 0.5 Clams 0.5 Clams 0.5 Clams 0.4 Clams 0.4 Scallops 0.3 Tilapia 0.4 Flatfish 0.4 Scallops 0.3 Scallops 0.3 Scallops 0.3 Scallops 0.3 Tilapia 0.3 Farmed species in red

US Fish Consumption (pounds/person/yr)

Aquaculture production driven by demand for seafood • Landings from capture fisheries peaked – Stocks have been overfished • Costs to grow fish declined – More efficient feeds – Shorter production cycles – Lower losses to disease • Rising incomes in developing countries – Eating more fish • Shifts in eating habits in developed countries – Healthful eating - beef consumption decreased, fish consumption increased

Research enabled aquaculture growth thus far • Nutrition: estimates of dietary nutritional requirements of salmon and catfish – Dr. John Halver (my professor) developed a test diet to which all vitamins & amino acids could be added in excess except one being studied – One vitamin at a time was added at various levels and fish response (growth, enzyme activity, etc.) was measured – This was a major advance in fish feed formulation and production • Life-cycles of new species were closed – Farmers no longer relied on wild fish to stock farms – Researchers developed techniques to spawn fish and rear tiny larvae • Disease prevention – Vaccines to prevent fish diseases – Development of specific genetic markers for disease resistance

Further research needed for aquaculture to grow • Feeds and nutrition – Complete elimination of marine resources in feeds – Determine dietary nutrient requirements for fish other than salmonids – Increased nutrient retention • Must close life cycles of species such as tuna – Been done in Japan and Australia – Combination of reproductive physiology and larval rearing • Disease prevention – Improved detection of pathogens in fish, esp. broodstock – Biosecurity, especially in recirculation systems

Three top farmed fish consumed in the USA • Salmon (freshwater & marine) – Mostly Atlantic salmon (native to north Atlantic ocean) – Big producers are Norway, Chile, Scotland, Canada • Shrimp (marine) – Primarily Pacific white shrimp and tiger shrimp – Thailand, Indonesia, Ecuador, Mexico supply US markets • Tilapia (freshwater) – Several species – mainly Nile tilapia – China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Mexico, Costa Rico supply US market

Salmon farming  Expanded greatly over the past 20 years  Salmon is affordable and available year round  Economic boon to coastal communities  Farmed salmon is harvested and in stores in 48 hrs  Quality is consistently high

Effect of salmon aquaculture for the consumer • Quantity of salmon has tripled(capture + farmed ) – Farmed is 1.5x of global supply and 8x the supply of wild salmon for ‘white - tablecloth’ (not canned or smoked) • Consumer intake of omega-3 fatty acids increased – Positive effects on CVD, neonatal development, other conditions • Levels of contaminants in farmed salmon – Essentially zero mercury – Very low levels of PCBs and other persistent organic pollutants

Salmon destined for fillet market (not canned or smoked) Million metric tons Total Farmed Wild Sockeye Wild Coho Wild Chinook 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000

Challenges for salmon farming • Maintain healthful levels of omega-3 fatty acids while lowering fish oil levels in feeds – Need new sources of omega-3 fatty acids besides fish oil • Improve biosecurity, especially in Chile and China – Chile production reduced ~90% by a virus (ISA) imported from Norway – New vaccine for ISA, plus new rules on fish transfers • Reduce environmental impacts – Metabolic and fecal wastes from farming that cause local impacts below pens on the sea floor – Escapees that could colonize natural salmon streams and compete with native salmon stocks

Shrimp farming • Two major species of farmed shrimp – Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp – Pacific coast, Ecuador to Mexico) – smaller size (30-50 count) – Penaeus monodon (tiger shrimp – Asia) – larger size (7-12 count) • Shrimp farming occurs in salt/brackish-water ponds in coastal areas • Viral diseases are a huge problem for shrimp farmers – Associated with poor water quality and overcrowding – Pacific shrimp are less susceptible than tiger shrimp • Asian shrimp farmers switched to Pacific shrimp over the past few years

Farmed shrimp production (Pacific white shrimp) Metric tons 2500000 Switchover to Litopenaeus vannamai in Asia 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Shrimp farming • Farmed shrimp have the highest value of any aquaculture production species group • Shrimp are available year round and are relatively inexpensive • Shrimp farming has transitioned from large ponds to intensively managed smaller ponds – Higher feed inputs and intensive water quality management – Productivity increased from 300 kg/hectare to 12,000+ kg/hectare • Industry reduced dependence on wild broodstock – Able to rear shrimp broodstock to maturation with high reproductive performance – This allows genetic improvement and production of specific pathogen-free post-larvae for stocking – (natural progression – needed for many other species)

Tilapia aquaculture • Tilapia are native to Africa – many species • Now raised around the globe – Major food source in food-deficit and developing countries – Grown in tropical or semi-tropical areas (also in geothermal water in Idaho) • Have digestive system similar to a pig or chicken – Post-juveniles grow well on all-plant diet – So do fry but growers use fish meal – based diets • Yield of edible fillet is 32-33% of live weight – Compares to 50% for salmon, trout or shrimp – Good potential to recover and utilize processing byproduct • Good candidate for organic production

Tilapia grown in geothermal water in Idaho