Slide 1 / 75 Slide 2 / 75 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative AP BIOLOGY This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be Big Idea 3 used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its Part D website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course February 2013 materials to parents, students and others. www.njctl.org Click to go to website: www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 75 Slide 4 / 75 Big Idea 3: Part D Click on the topic to go to that section Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, · Biotechnology transmit and respond to · Recombinant DNA information essential to life · Other DNA Technologies processes. · GMO · Synthetic Biology Slide 5 / 75 Slide 6 / 75 Biotechnology Biotechnology is an Industry In recent years, many businesses have taken advantage of the knowledge gained by biologists. The molecular machinery of cells has been utilized to produce thousands of new products. Return to Table of just a few examples Contents of biotech companies
Slide 7 / 75 Slide 8 / 75 Biotechnology is an Industry Biotechnology is an Industry Since the beginning of this millennium the amount of revenue in Currently there are more than 300 health care products dervived the industry as a whole has more than doubled every five years. from the technology of biotech. Many of these treat previously In 2012 this industry's total yearly revenue was valued at more untreatable diseases. than $400,000,000,000 (four hundred billion). More than 14,000,000 farmers worldwide use biotech agriculture to increase food yield and reduce the impact of farming on the environment. Slide 9 / 75 Slide 10 / 75 Definition of Biotechnology Definition of Genetic Engineering The manipulation (as through genetic engineering ) of living The group of applied techniques organisms or their components to produce useful, usually of genetics used to cut up and commercial products (as pest resistant crops, new bacterial join together DNA from one or strains, or novel pharmaceuticals); also : any of various more species of organism applications of the biological science used in such manipulation. Slide 11 / 75 Slide 12 / 75 Examples of Genetic Engineering Examples of Genetic Engineering Golden rice is produced through A gene found naturally in fish has been genetic engineering to have more spliced into these tomatoes. Now they vitamins than natural rice to can survive light frost, meaning a longer provide better nutrition. This growing season and more yield per acre product is used to better the for farmers. nutrition of areas where food is scarce. They have also been given a gene that makes a protein that repels bugs so Genes from other plants have farmers do not have to spray them with been spliced into its genome. pesticides Vitamin A, C and Beta-Carotene are among the added nutrients.
Slide 13 / 75 Slide 14 / 75 Examples of Genetic Engineering Using DNA as Manufacturing The genetically engineered fish in the background, produced by a There are many individual technologies that can use DNA as a tool company called AquaBounty, grows three times bigger in half the to make useful products. The rest of this section will focus on the time as the natural version in the foreground. techniques that use DNA as a technology. This happens because of an added gene originally found in wild eel that produces a natural growth hormone and speeds the growth of the salmon. Slide 15 / 75 Slide 16 / 75 Recombinant DNA 1 Which of the following would be considered a product of genetic engineering? A A chemical used to lower cholesterol in humans B A chemical used to disperse an oil spill A bacteria made to break down the toxic C components of an oil spill D A heart transplant Return to Table of Contents Slide 17 / 75 Slide 18 / 75 Recombinant DNA One of the first procedures to use DNA to successfully make a product that could be used for medical purposes was recombinant DNA technology. In this procedure genes from one organism are spliced into the genome of another. Since all organisms use the same genetic code the cells that contained the recombined DNA will produce the protein encoded by the new gene.
Slide 19 / 75 Slide 20 / 75 Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes is a disease in which a person has high blood sugar Untreated, diabetes either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, causes many or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is problems. Most produced. severe is damage to the kidneys resulting from the increased solute of the blood for Insulin structure extended periods. (a protein) The cells of the pancreas release insulin in response to high levels of glucose in the blood. Cells respond by taking glucose in, out of the blood, to reduce the concentration. Slide 21 / 75 Slide 22 / 75 Early Treatment of Diabetes Early Treatment of Diabetes In the late 1970s scientists started to At first doctors treated by injecting bovine insulin harvested look for a way to make human insulin from cows blood. This had some effect but the protein is not in a laboratory. Their efforts produced exactly the same as the human insulin protein. The the first product ever made using symptoms would eventually overcome the patient. genes from multiple organisms. They recombined fragments of DNA from humans with the bacterial chromosome of E. coli. The new bacteria was then able to produce human insulin. Slide 23 / 75 Slide 24 / 75 Early Treatment of Diabetes Recombinant DNA Technology The result was a new product called Humulin. The first human hormone to ever be produced by another organism. DNA pieces can be recombined to make unique, man made sequences. There are 7 main steps. As you go through the next slides make notes on the 7 steps. You will use them to complete an activity at the end of the section.
Slide 25 / 75 Slide 26 / 75 Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA Technology Step 1: Find the piece of DNA in the genome, the gene of Step 2: "Cut" the gene of interest from the genome interest. Today this step is done by computers atached to robotic Genetic engineering was made possible by the discovery of a class DNA sequencers that of enzymes called restriction enzymes . In nature these enzymes fragment, analyze and find a are used by bacteria as weapons against invading viruses. gene based on user input. They look for specific sequences in pieces of DNA and cut them. For example: EcoRI is a restriction enzyme that makes a staggered cut when it reads the sequence GAATTC Slide 27 / 75 Slide 28 / 75 Recombinant DNA Technology If the sequence of the gene of interest, say the insulin gene, is known and the sequences in the surrounding DNA are known, then restriction enzyme cut sites that are on opposite sides of the gene can be utilized to cut the gene out. EcoRI cut site EcoRI cut site DNA fragment Insulin Gene (gene of interest) Slide 29 / 75 Slide 30 / 75 Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA Technology Step 3: Isolate the gene of interest If we look at the insulin gene again we can see that the sequence between the two EcoRI cut sites has a unique length. Restriction enzymes mixed with DNA is called a digest because the Insulin Gene enzymes breaks down the fragments of DNA into many smaller pieces. (gene of interest) EcoRI cut site It is important to remember EcoRI cut site that we are working with DNA fragment molecules. We cannot This tube contains 5,000 nucleotides (bp) simply "grab" the piece of many different pieces of DNA 10,000 nucleotides (bp) 15,000 nucleotides (bp) DNA we want. We must to end of fragment to end of fragment Gene of interest separate the unique pieces is somewhere in of DNA in the digest and here select the fragment we So in this digest there are DNA fragments want. that are 5k,10k, and 15k nucleotides long. The gene of interest here is the 5k piece.
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