And all I've outlined here today are And all I've outlined here - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

“And all I've outlined here today are And all I've outlined here today are “ interim strategies short- -term and term and interim strategies short interim strategy. The truth of the matter interim strategy. The truth of the matter is, the long- -term strategy is to power term strategy is to power is, the long our automobiles with something other our automobiles with something other than oil something other than gasoline, than oil something other than gasoline, which is derived from oil.” ” which is derived from oil. President Bush on Energy Policy President Bush on Energy Policy Marriott Wardman Park Hotel Marriott Wardman Park Hotel Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. April 25, 2006 April 25, 2006

Grant Landrum Grant Landrum Joline Munoz Joline Munoz

Outline Outline • Introduction to Biodiesel • Introduction to Biodiesel • Biodiesel vs. Petrol Diesel • Biodiesel vs. Petrol Diesel • • Oil Sources Oil Sources • Our Source • Our Source • Location Selection • Location Selection • Genetic Modification • Genetic Modification • Scenarios Evaluated • Scenarios Evaluated • • Transesterfication Transesterfication • Byproducts • Byproducts • Economics • Economics • Conclusions • Conclusions

Introduction Introduction What is Biodiesel? What is Biodiesel? • • Biodiesel is a completely natural, alternative fuel source Biodiesel is a completely natural, alternative fuel source that is applicable in almost all situations in which petrol that is applicable in almost all situations in which petrol diesel is used. diesel is used. Transesterification Transesterification Base Base Catalyst Catalyst Triglyceride + Alcohol Methyl Esters + Glycerol Triglyceride + Alcohol Methyl Esters + Gly cerol (Oil) (Biodiesel) odiesel) (Oil) (Bi – – Oil can come from animal oil / fats, vegetable oil, and waste Oil can come from animal oil / fats, vegetable oil, and waste oil from restaurants (after degumming) oil from restaurants (after degumming)

Triglycerides Alcohol Glycerol Methyl Esters

Biodiesel vs. Petrol- -Diesel Diesel Biodiesel vs. Petrol • • • Biodiesel Biodiesel • Petroleum Diesel Petroleum Diesel – Reduces emissions Reduces emissions – High High emissions emissions – – – Cetane #: 48 Cetane #: 48- -65 65 – Cetane #: 40 Cetane #: 40- -55 55 – – – Increases lubricity Increases lubricity – Low sulfur diesel lacks Low sulfur diesel lacks – – lubricity lubricity – Longer engine life Longer engine life – – High sulfur High sulfur – – Higher Flash Point Higher Flash Point – • poisons catalyst in poisons catalyst in • – Requires no modification Requires no modification – exhaust system exhaust system – Dissolves rubber and Dissolves rubber and – • Reduces effective Reduces effective • some plastic some plastic reduction of reduction of – Slightly lower heating Slightly lower heating – emissions in exhaust emissions in exhaust value value system system

http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/BTU_Content_Final_Oct2005.pdf

http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19940101_gen-297.pdf

http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Environment_Safety1.pdf

http://www.propelbiofuels.com/site/aboutbiodiesel.html

Potential Oil Sources Potential Oil Sources

http://www.uscanola.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={5CDA1D60-89B2-4F79-B96F-0B5AB2FBF781 }

Soybean Soybean • • Biodiesel plants in U.S. use soy Biodiesel plants in U.S. use soy • Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) • Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) – Incentives: $1.45 Incentives: $1.45 - - 1.47 / gallon till mid 1.47 / gallon till mid- -2006 2006 – • 30% of the plants are not profitable without government • 30% of the plants are not profitable without government incentives incentives • 24% are still unprofitable with incentives • 24% are still unprofitable with incentives – – High cost oil feed stock for biodiesel High cost oil feed stock for biodiesel – High production costs High production costs – – Increase lipid content Increase lipid content- -lower production costs lower production costs – http://www.farmgate.uiuc.edu/archive/2006/04/what_is_the_fut.htm http://www.farmgate.uiuc.edu/archive/2006/04/what_is_the_fut.html l

Land Requirements Land Requirements

Algae Algae • NREL Aquatic Species Program Study NREL Aquatic Species Program Study • National Renewable Energy Laboratory ) ( National Renewable Energy Laboratory ) ( – Factors to consider Factors to consider – • High adaptability to variety of High adaptability to variety of • environments environments • Large growth rate Large growth rate • • Higher lipid content Higher lipid content •

Algae Requirements Algae Requirements • Growth Growth � C • 2 � 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6H 2 O + 6CO 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 – Sunlight Sunlight – – CO CO 2 – 2 – Nutrients (N and Si) Nutrients (N and Si) – can be saline ) Water ( can be saline – Water ( ) – – Warm Climate Warm Climate – – Circulation or Aeration Circulation or Aeration –

Algae Algae • Environment Environment • – Different Media Different Media – • Type I: 2,000 to 16,000 mg/l Type I: 2,000 to 16,000 mg/l • • Type 2: 1,500 to 26,000 mg/l Type 2: 1,500 to 26,000 mg/l • • Seawater Seawater • – Majority algae survive well in seawater Majority algae survive well in seawater –

Brine Water Source Brine Water Source • Hueco Bolson Aquifer Hueco Bolson Aquifer • – Salt concentrations Salt concentrations – range from 1000 to range from 1000 to 3000 mg/L 3000 mg/L • 600 times the amount • 600 times the amount of fresh water of fresh water • Possible alternative to Possible alternative to • evaporation ponds- - evaporation ponds reinjection reinjection http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/publications/reports/GroundWaterReports/GWReports/R345%20Aquifers%20of%20Texas/Majors/hueco.pdf

Algae Selection Algae Selection • Arizona State University - - New Mexico / Texas Area New Mexico / Texas Area • Arizona State University – Amphora Bacillariophyceae Amphora Bacillariophyceae – � m Hard to harvest (10 X 4 � • Hard to harvest (10 X 4 m) ) • • Salinity: ~9000 Salinity: ~9000- -18000 mg/L 18000 mg/L • – Oscillatoria Cynaophyceae Oscillatoria Cynaophyceae – • Adaptive Adaptive • � m Harder to harvest (0.2 X 0.1 � • Harder to harvest (0.2 X 0.1 m) ) • • Salinity: ~2000 Salinity: ~2000- -12000 mg/L 12000 mg/L •

m u G � n The Process a The Process h t n a X Sugars Fermentation� Algae� Plant Harvesting/ Oil�Extraction l o r P e c r y o l G t e i n Oil Biodiesel�to�Market Biodiesel� Algae�and�Water Algae�and�Water Plant Algae�and�Water Diesel� Refinery Ponds Ponds Ponds O 2 CO 2 CO 2 C Natural� Gas�Plant

Location: West TX Location: West TX • 24 oil refineries 24 oil refineries • • 8% diesel transportation 8% diesel transportation • Newman Power Plant, El Paso TX. Newman Power Plant, El Paso TX.

Pond Nutrients Pond Nutrients A Study of the Energetics and Economics of Microalgal Mass Culture with the Marine Chlorophyte Tetrase/mis suecica: Implications for Use of Power Plant Stack Gases*

Algae Algae • Lipid Content Lipid Content • – Starvation Starvation – • A minimum amount of food (nitrogen source or Si A minimum amount of food (nitrogen source or Si • source) added to ponds source) added to ponds • • 7 7- -day cycle, algae have run out of food and have begun day cycle, algae have run out of food and have begun to starve to starve – Pro Pro- -Causes many different algae to increase lipid content Causes many different algae to increase lipid content – – – Con Con- -Stuns cell growth Stuns cell growth – Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering – • Metabolic processes in the specific algae Metabolic processes in the specific algae • • Manipulate these processes to maximize lipids Manipulate these processes to maximize lipids •

Overall Metabolic Pathway of Lipid Synthesis

100 mol 50 mol Entner- -Doudoroff Doudoroff Entner 50 mol & Glycolysis I & Glycolysis I Genetic engineering Genetic engineering algae starting with algae starting with glucose- -6 6- -phosphate phosphate glucose 50 mol Want to produce Want to produce dihydroxy- -acetone acetone- - dihydroxy phosphate phosphate 25 mol 100 mol http://biocyc.org/

75 mol Phospholipid Phospholipid Biosynthesis Biosynthesis Want to produce Want to produce glycerol- -3 3- -phosphate phosphate glycerol or L- -phosphatidate phosphatidate or L 37.5 mol 37.5 mol http://biocyc.org/

Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis Biosynthesis Triacylglycerol Initially 37.5 mol tri / 100 mol G- -6 6- -P P Now 56.25 mol tri / 100 mol G- -6 6- -P P Initially 37.5 mol tri / 100 mol G Now 56.25 mol tri / 100 mol G http://biocyc.org/