AE705 /153M/ 152 Introduction to Flight Fatima Salehbhai Third - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

AE705 /153M/ 152 Introduction to Flight Fatima Salehbhai Third Year U G Student Mechanical Engg. Deptt. IIT Bombay Types of Propulsion Systems AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

What is propulsion? • Moving or Pushing an object forward Propulsion = pro (forward) + pellere (drive) Why is propulsion needed in aircraft? • Getting aloft - thrust + lift • produces thrust to push an object • used to accelerate, gain altitude, and to maneuver AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Revising Thrust • Drives an airplane forward • To sustain lift and counteract drag http://howthingsfly.si.edu/media/thrust • Energy required • Heat by the combustion • Propulsion system • A machine that accelerates air backwards https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories /nasa-knows/what-is-aerodynamics-k4.html AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Propulsion Systems Mechanisms to produce thrust for flight AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Types of Propulsion Systems We'll discuss the following : • • Pulsejet Pistonpropeller • • Ramjet Turbojet • • Scramjet Afterburning Turbojet • • Electric Propulsion Turbofan • • Ionic Propulsion Turboprop • Turboshaft AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Powerpla lant Sele electio ion bas based on on missi ssion Source: D. P. Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Education Series, 4 th edition, 2006 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Reciprocating Engines Primary powerplant for general aviation image source: https://www.comsol.com/blogs/improving-the-operational-lifetime-of-a-reciprocating-engine/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Reciprocating Engines Converting chemical energy (fuel/electric/hybrid) to mechanical (propeller) Four-Stroke Two-Stroke image source: http://infouse.com/planemath/activities/pmenterprises/propulsion/propulsion3.html AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Piston engine-propeller combination Reciprocrating engines Airfoil shaped Blades Difference in air pressure gives forward reaction http://lyle.smu.edu/propulsion/Pages/propeller.htm AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Top piston powered aircraft Rare Bear - Speed Record of 528.33 mph Hawker Sea Fury: Read more: http://www.lewisairlegends.com/aircraft/rare-bear The Ultimate piston powered fighter Took on MiG-15s ! Read more: https://hushkit.net/2012/10/06/hush-kit-exclusive-the-ultimate- piston-engined-fighter-flying-the-sea-fury-by-test-pilot-dave-eagles/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Applications: • Designed for Military Aircraft, now also used in boats and cars • Medium range cruise missiles • High exhaust speed, small frontal area, relative simplicity Failures: • Poor efficiency at low speeds • Low Range and Endurance • Slow response to Throttle https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/aturbj.html Heinkel He 178, world's first turbojet power aircraft AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Sound barrier Afterburners high thrust required Fitted downstream Wing drag coeff (cd) fuel directly in hot exhaust exhaust velocity thrust Mach no. http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/atmosphere/q0206b.shtml • High fuel consumption rate • Twice the Thrust - Four times fuel burn http://www.aiirsource.com/f-16-night-afterburner-takeoffs/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

http://jalopnik.com/why-were-old-jet-engines-so-much-more-smokey-than-newer-1720531271 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Only afterburning turbojet to power a commercial aircraft (Concorde) Source : wikipedia-concorde Concorde (one of the only two Source : wikipedia- GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri supersonic passenger airliner) Afterburning turbofan by GTRE, DRDO for HAL Tejas fighter http://www.turbokart.com/about_olympus.htm Rolls-Royce Olympus 593 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Turboprop G as turbine engine + a propeller • Higher Fuel Efficency than Turbojet • Greater Power and Reliability • High initial cost / fuel consumption compared to pistonprops Useful for flight speeds between 400 and 650 kmph) Source : wikipedia-Turboprop engine AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Propfans AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Turbofan combines best features of the turbojet and the turboprop Source : wikipedia-Turbofan engine AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Bypass duct Core Bypass duct http://okigihan.blogspot.in/p/turbofan-engines-theturbofan-gas.html Vol. of air from bypass duct Bypass ratio: Vol. of air from core AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

High Bypass • Higher fuel efficiency • Lower noise levels • Large diameter Low bypass • Compact • High power-weight ratio • Poor fuel efficiency Image source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/turbofan_engine.html AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Turboshaft Gas turbine engine with a large shaft similar to Turboprop https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/kaman-k-225 K225 with Boeing 502 (YT50) Source : wikipedia-turboshaft turboshaft engine Widely used as auxiliary power units on large aircraft and in helicopters world's first gas turbine-powered helicopter AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Turboshaft • higher power-to-weight ratio than piston • smaller than piston engines • Sustained high power output • High reliability • Light weight http://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/4-types-of-turbine-engines/ Turboprop Turboshaft Engine supports the propellor Engine not directly connected to the rotor Only support loads of Propellor Supports load on vehicle through transmission No sustained output required Sustained high power output required AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Pulsejet Combustion occurs in pulses Source : wikipedia-Pulsejet engine V-1 flying bomb with pulse jet on top AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

- Compressed air forced - Opens flapper valves - Spark plug - Flapper valves shut - Burned gas out of tail - Pressure inside < Patm http://designfutureworld.blogspot.in/2012/06/pulse-jet-engine.html - Air through tailpipe + valves AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

PULSE JET Advantages Disadvantages • • Easy to build, light Requires additional means of acceleration ( Flight speed ↑ , Thrust ↑ ) • Thrust available even when at rest • Low compression ratio (more fuel) • High levels of vibrations and sound • Needs heat-resistant materials • Limited altitude range and operating speed Not popular for aircraft. Why? AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Jun Junkers Ju Ju EF EF126 Elli Elli • Rapidly producible inexpensive small fighter a/c • Pulsejet powered, with propeller driven startup • RATO, using detachable solid fuel rocket motors • Droppable Take-off dolly, retractable landing skid AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Ramjet X-15 Ramjet AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Scramjet Pegasus booster accelerating NASA's X- 43A shortly after ignition during test flight AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Electric Propulsion The acceleration of gases for producing thrust by electric heating, electric body forces, and/or electric and magnetic body forces https://www.slideshare.net/srikanthlaxmanvinjam/electric-propulsion-42744912?qid=d406d639-e62c-4001-ba64-6661dce201bb&v=&b=&from_search=6 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Electric Powered Aircraft • Electric motors to propellers or rotors. • Mechanisms for storing Source : wikipedia- Gaston Tissandier First electric powered aircraft Gaston Tissandier in his electrically powered dirigible', 8 October 1883 http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=2712 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Solar Impulse http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36598140 - Four brushless motors - reduction gear - propeller http://www.solarimpulse.com/adventure/technical-challenge-2 - 94% efficient system Around the world journey AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

All ll-electric air irplane Magnus eF eFusion AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Extra 330LE and NASA LEAPTech https://www.siemens.com/press/en/feature/2015/corporate/2015-03-electromotor.php Extra 330LE aerobatic plane - took off with one fourth of a megawatt of output- speed records http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/space/electric-aviation/ Continuous output of ~ 260 kW, engine weighs ~ 50 kg Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

All ll Ele lectric Air irliners ? AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Hybr brid pr propuls lsio ion system E-Th Thrust http://www.aero.jaxa.jp/eng/research/frontier/feather/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06