Advantages and Advantages and Advantages and Advantages and Disadvantages of Disadvantages of Disadvantages of Disadvantages of Windbreaks Windbreaks Windbreaks Windbreaks L.W. Timmer L.W. Timmer Extension Plant Pathologist, CREC, Extension Plant Pathologist, CREC, IFAS, University of Florida IFAS, University of Florida
Advantages Advantages Advantages Advantages � � Canker reduction Canker reduction � � Wind scar reduction Wind scar reduction � � Wildlife habitat Wildlife habitat � � Reduce wind/soil erosion Reduce wind/soil erosion
Disadvantages Disadvantages Disadvantages Disadvantages � Loss of space � Loss of space � Shading effects � Shading effects � Competition for water and nutrients � Competition for water and nutrients � Establishment costs � Establishment costs � Maintenance costs � Maintenance costs � Complicates equipment movement � Complicates equipment movement � Effects on microclimate, pest � Effects on microclimate, pest populations, etc populations, etc
Purpose of w indbreaks for Purpose of w indbreaks for Purpose of w indbreaks for Purpose of w indbreaks for canker control canker control canker control canker control � Reduce spread of canker � Reduce spread of canker � Most importantly, reduce canker severity � Most importantly, reduce canker severity
Photo Courtesy of J.H. Graham, CREC, Lake Alfred
Important Characteristics of Windbreaks Important Characteristics of Windbreaks � Reduce wind speed to less than 20 mph � Reduce wind speed to less than 20 mph (or 8 m/s m/s) ) (or 8 � Avoid high density, no need to stop the � Avoid high density, no need to stop the wind, just slow it down wind, just slow it down � Avoid very tall windbreaks, shade � Avoid very tall windbreaks, shade excessively, susceptible to breakage excessively, susceptible to breakage � Windbreak distance effects � Windbreak distance effects � 10X the height of windbreaks downwind, some � 10X the height of windbreaks downwind, some upwind effect as well upwind effect as well
Effect of wind exposure on canker infection Effect of wind exposure on canker infection in Argentina - - Grapefruit Grapefruit in Argentina Lesions Lesions Tree Sector Leaves Fruit Tree Sector Leaves Fruit SW 8.2 a 82 a SW 8.2 a 82 a NW 2.5 b 43 b NW 2.5 b 43 b SE 2.9 b 15 c SE 2.9 b 15 c NE 1.1 b 6 c NE 1.1 b 6 c Predominant winds from SW Predominant winds from SW
Internal windbreak effects with Marsh Internal windbreak effects with Marsh Grapefruit Grapefruit Lesions Lesions Row Exposure Leaves Fruit Row Exposure Leaves Fruit A Exposed 4.3 ab ab 32 b A Exposed 4.3 32 b B Protected 2.7 bc bc 9 b B Protected 2.7 9 b C Protected 1.1 c 19 b C Protected 1.1 c 19 b D Protected 5.2 a 23 b D Protected 5.2 a 23 b E Prevailing Winds 5.0 a 91 a E Prevailing Winds 5.0 a 91 a
Windbreaks ( Grevillea Grevillea robusta robusta ) are essential to ) are essential to Windbreaks ( Windbreaks ( Grevillea robusta ) are essential to reduce the effect of windblown rain on infection reduce the effect of windblown rain on infection reduce the effect of windblown rain on infection
Casuarina windbreak for grapefruit in Casuarina windbreak for grapefruit in Casuarina windbreak for grapefruit in Salta, Argentina (NW) reduces canker Salta, Argentina (NW) reduces canker Salta, Argentina (NW) reduces canker incidence to a trace incidence to a trace incidence to a trace
Trees/Shrubs Trees/Shrubs Trees/Shrubs Trees/Shrubs � Southern Red Cedar � Southern Red Cedar � Pines (multi row, stratified) � Pines (multi row, stratified) � Eucalyptus � Eucalyptus � Non � Non- -spreading Bamboo spreading Bamboo � Wax myrtle � Wax myrtle � Viburnum � Viburnum
Exposure Exposure : : Old nursery was located next to Exposure Exposure Old nursery was located next to citrus. Windbreak placed on side next to the grove citrus. Windbreak placed on side next to the grove
Need for windbreaks, size of area Need for windbreaks, size of area surrounded surrounded � Fresh citrus, grapefruit, early oranges � Fresh citrus, grapefruit, early oranges � Windbreaks around each 5 � Windbreaks around each 5 – – 10 acres, 10 acres, preferably all sides preferably all sides � Processing � Processing – – Early oranges Early oranges- -Valencias Valencias � 30 ft windbreaks each 300 ft effect � 30 ft windbreaks each 300 ft effect � Down the row only � Down the row only
300 feet 660 feet 660 feet 300 feet
Citrus Windbreaks Citrus Windbreaks Double rows of citrus on outside rows Double rows of citrus on outside rows every 300ft every 300ft 3 0 0 f e e t 6 6 0 f e e t 6 6 0 f e e t 3 0 0 f e e t
Recommendations Recommendations Recommendations Recommendations � plant windbreaks now for fresh market � plant windbreaks now for fresh market grapefruit and early oranges grapefruit and early oranges � plant windbreaks in available space � plant windbreaks in available space along fence rows, ditches, wetlands for along fence rows, ditches, wetlands for processed fruit processed fruit � use available species such as pines for � use available species such as pines for the moment until availability is greater for the moment until availability is greater for other species other species
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