7/31/2018 Controlling Lead and Copper in Drinking Water Your name and contact info Your name and contact info Developed by RCAP/AWWA and funded by the USEPA Acknowledgement: • EPA National Priority Area 1: Training and Technical Assistance for Small Public Water Systems to Achieve and Maintain Compliance with the SDWA, EPA Grant – X6 ‐ 83560701 Western RCAP Rural Community Rural Community Assistance Corporation (916) 447-2854 Assistance Partnership www.rcac.org Practical solutions for improving rural communities Midwest RCAP Midwest Assistance Program (952) 758-4334 www.map-inc.org Southern RCAP Community Resource Group (479) 443-2700 www.crg.org Northeast RCAP RCAP Solutions (800) 488-1969 www.rcapsolutions.org Great Lakes RCAP WSOS Community Action Commission (800) 775-9767 www.glrcap.org RCAP National Office Southeast RCAP 1701 K St. NW, Suite 700 Southeast Rural Community Washington, DC 20006 Assistance Project (866) 928-3731 (800) 321-7227 www.southeastrcap.org www.rcap.org | info@rcap.org Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 1
7/31/2018 Purpose/Rationale This material will: • Advise you of the requirements for addressing lead and copper in drinking water (specifically at small water systems) • Inform you of potential future standards recommended by the National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) regarding lead and copper in drinking water • Explain how to be more effective in your efforts to protect public health 4 Learning Objectives At the end of this course you should be able to: • Apply the regulatory requirements of the Lead and Copper Rule to your system • Calculate the 90 th concentration • Summarize factors that will impact the release of lead and copper • Take action to protect consumers from lead and copper 5 Agenda • 0:00 – 0:05 – Introduction • 0:06 – 0:46 – Regulations • 0:47 – 1:12 – Lead and copper basics • 1:13 – 1:23 – Conducting an inventory • 1:24 – 1:44 – Monitoring requirements • 1:45 – 2:00 – Treatment requirements • 2:01 – 2:06 – Public notification requirements • 2:07 – 2:22 – Lead service line replacement • 2:23 – 2:27 – Summary 6 Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 2
7/31/2018 Pre ‐ test: Controlling Lead and Copper in Drinking Water • The pre ‐ test will be handed out 7 Module One: Regulations Module One Learning Objectives At the end of this module you should be able to… • Summarize the purpose of the 1991 Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) • Name the types of utilities that are subject to LCR requirements • Demonstrate how to calculate the “90 th percentile” for your system • Describe additional requirements that may be triggered as a result of an Action Level (AL) exceedance Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 3
7/31/2018 Why address lead? • Young children and infants tend to absorb more lead than the average adult. – Impaired mental development – IQ deficits – Shorter attention spans – Low birth weight • Adults ‐ Increased blood pressure • EPA set the MCLG at zero. Copper • Exposure to copper can cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver and kidney damage, and complications of Wilson’s disease. • EPA set an MCLG of 1.3 mg/L Rules that impact lead • Reduction of lead in materials – The Lead Ban (1986) – The Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act (2011) • Standards and Monitoring Requirements – The Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) – The Lead Contamination Control Act (LCCA) (1988) – The Lead and Copper Rule (1991, revised 2000, 2007) Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 4
7/31/2018 Lead Regulations – In materials • 1986 – Required use of “lead free” pipe, solder, and flux – 0.2% lead in flux/solder ‐ “lead free” • 50% prior to 1986 – <8% lead for pipes and pipe fixtures • 1998 – Banned fixtures that were not “lead free” • 2011 – Redefined lead free as 0.25% Lead Regulations – Standards and monitoring requirements • 1974 – MCL ‐ 0.050 mg/L SDWA • 1988 ‐ Lead Contamination Control Act – Lead monitoring and reporting requirements for all schools (not enforceable) • 1991 ‐ Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) – Action levels ‐ 0.015 mg/L lead, 1.3 mg/L Cu – CWS and NTNCWS – Minor revisions 2000, 2007 • 2017? – Long ‐ term revisions to the LCR LCR (1991) • Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG) – Lead – 0 µg/L – Copper – 1.3 mg/L • Action level based on the 90th percentile – Lead ‐ 15 µg/L – Copper ‐ 1.3 mg/L • Requires optimized corrosion control rather than a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 5
7/31/2018 Actions for Lead Exceedance • Water quality parameter monitoring • Corrosion Control Treatment • Source water monitoring • Public education • Lead service line replacement Lead and Copper Rule 1991 Overview CWS or NTNCWS Collects Lead and Copper Tap Samples 90th Percentile 90th Percentile 90th Percentile Is at or Below Exceeds the Lead Exceeds the Copper Both Action Levels* Action Level (15 μ g/L) Action Level (1.3 mg/L) Conduct Conduct Begin CCT Conduct Conduct Begin LSLR source water public steps includes periodic lead periodic lead replace 7% monitoring education WQP and copper tap and copper tap of LSLs (Install SOWT, if monitoring due within 60 monitoring ** monitoring per year needed) days * Includes systems serving ≤ 50,000 people and (b)(3) systems ** Includes non ‐ (b)(3) systems serving > 50,000 people, irrespective of their 90 th percentile levels; (b)(2) systems must collect WQPs. Activity ‐ EPA Quick Reference Guide • Monitoring – What type systems is the rule applicable to? • For public education – Is public education required when copper action level is exceeded? • Source water – How frequently must a ground system monitor? • Corrosion control treatment – When must a small system conduct a CCT study. Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 6
7/31/2018 Potential future standards • NDWAC recommendation ‐ Development of a household action level • Potentially lowering of the action level • Requiring lead service line replacement To calculate the 90 th percentile: • Rank the samples according Sample Lead # (mg/L) to their lead or copper 1 0.004 concentrations 2 0.005 3 0.005 • Find the “sample” that: 4 0.006 5 0.006 – 90% of all samples have a 6 0.006 lower concentration 7 0.009 8 0.010 – 10% of all sample s have a 9 0.011 higher concentration 10 0.017 Activity: Determining the 90 th Percentile • Your instructor will distribute handouts for this activity Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 7
7/31/2018 Module Two: Lead and Copper Basics Module Two Learning Objectives At the end of this module, you should be able to: • Name the two forms of lead that may be present in drinking water • Discuss factors that can impact lead concentrations in drinking water Sources of Lead • Rarely from source water or distribution mains • Service lines – Lead service lines, on either side of the meter – Goosenecks or pigtails • Customer plumbing – Solder – Plumbing fixtures Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 8
7/31/2018 Ownership of System Components Forms of lead There are two forms of lead: • Dissolved lead • Particulate lead Factors that impact dissolved lead concentrations • Water quality parameters – pH, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, hardness – Chlorine residual levels, – Presence of corrosion inhibitors • Materials • Other conditions – Temperature, Flow velocity, Electrical current Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 9
7/31/2018 Factors that impact particulate lead concentrations Operations practices that can impact lead levels • Physical disturbances ⁻ Repairing a main break ⁻ Meter repair • Hydraulic changes ⁻ Flushing ⁻ Valve/ hydrant testing Factors that can impact both dissolved and particulate concentrations • Change in source water • Changes in water chemistry • Change in pH • Change in chlorine residual levels Discussion What would happen to lead levels if: 1. Seasonally switch between a surface water source and a ground water 2. Bring a new well into service 3. Repair a water main 4. Replace the service line between the main and meter Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 10
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