Access to Childcare and Home Care Services Across Europe DATE 19 th - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Access to Childcare and Home Care Services Across Europe DATE 19 th of September 2019 VENUE ESRI, Whitaker Square, Sir John Rogerson’s Quay, Dublin 2 AUTHOR Ivan Privalko Bertrand Maȋtre Dorothy Watson Raffaele Grotti www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie

Background • Social exclusion “…depends not only on income but also on access to services .” (UN declaration, 1995); “service exclusion” (Fisher & Bramley, 2007). • Poverty and social exclusions connected to barriers to full participation in the labour market, including presence of • Children in need of care; Labour supply effect, 10% increase in CC cost=> ½ hour weekly reduction maternal work (Russell, 2018). • People who need help – physical or mental ill-health conditions; Mixed results in terms of labour market outcomes. Hours in care (+20) reduce likelihood to work(Carmichael and Charles, 1998). Australian data found no effect (Leigh, 2010). • Positive effect on child development, quality of life for recipient & carer, cost to society. • We focus on two services throughout • Childcare • Home care for those needing help www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 2 18 September 2019

Research questions • What is the distribution of unmet need for care services across countries? • Which vulnerable groups have the least access to care services? • Is there evidence that lack of access to care services leads to deprivation when other characteristics are controlled? • Is there evidence that lack of access to care services inhibits access to the labour market when other characteristics are controlled? www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 3 18 September 2019

Data and analysis • Data • EU-SILC 2016. Module on access to services • 11 countries into 4 welfare regimes • Sample definition • Childcare : all individuals in households with children aged 12 or younger . • Home care : all individuals in households with people who need help (long-term physical or mental ill-health, infirmity or because of old age) • Implications for causality • Cross-sectional data can show us associations, but cannot establish direction of cause. www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 4 18 September 2019

Vulnerable groups Social risk groups: differences in access to the market because of non-market factors such as • Personal resources (disability, illness) • Non-work caring responsibilities (parents, esp. mothers & lone parents) • Life-cycle stage (children, those beyond retirement age) • 4 groups (lone parents; households with someone with a disability; working age households; older households) Social class groups : differences in resources. • Discussed in detail in the report, omitted here www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 5 18 September 2019

Childcare (in households with children 12 years old or younger) www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 6 18 September 2019

Childcare types At least 1 hour of childcare per week (more than one type possible) Formal childcare : • Childcare at crèche etc. • After school centre based care Childminder : • Childcare by a professional child-minder at child-minder's home or at child’s home Family relative : • Childcare by grand-parents, other relatives (not parents), friends or neighbours (unpaid) None of the above • Care provided exclusively by parents in the home. www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 7 18 September 2019

Types of childcare used by households with children under 12 (%) 90.0 Exclusively parental care 80.0 with other family care Mainly formal 70.0 Mix of various childcare childcare types 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 DK FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Soc Democ. Corporatist Liberal Southern Formal childcare Childminder Family relative None of the others www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 8 18 September 2019

Formal childcare need (%) Most disadvantaged group Most advantaged group Don't need Need and have Unmet need 4 6 7 11 11 13 14 16 17 21 22 21 16 25 4 38 11 29 42 61 35 68 74 68 68 67 64 58 56 48 45 34 25 DK FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Soc Democ. Corporatist Liberal Southern www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 9 18 September 2019

Main reason for unmet need (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 DK FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Soc Democ. Corporatist Liberal Southern Other reason Cannot afford it available but hours not suitable www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 10 18 September 2019

Predicting “Unmet need” vs “Met need for care” (odds ratios) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 DK FI AT Country: Ref(Sweden) BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 11 18 September 2019

Predicting “Unmet need” vs “Met need for care” (odds ratios) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Social risk group (Ref: Working Lone parent age adults) Adult with disability Social class (Ref: High social Middle social class class) Lowest social class or never employed www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 12 18 September 2019

Predicting material deprivation (odds ratios; controlling for country differences, not shown) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Need met) need (Ref: No need Childcare Unmet need (Ref: Other Social risk Lone parent adults) Parent with disability (Ref: high soc Social class Middle social class class) Lowest social class Household Number of kids under 12 Youngest child 5+ www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 13 18 September 2019

Predicting mothers’ non-employment (odds ratios; controlling for country differences, not shown) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 need (Ref: Met need) No need Childcare Unmet need working age Social risk (Ref: Two Lone parents adults) Disabled parent social class) Social class (Ref: High Middle social class Lowest social class or never employed Household Number of children under 12 Youngest child over 5 years old www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 14 18 September 2019

Professional home care (in households with someone who needs help) www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 15 18 September 2019

Professional home care needs Focus on households with people who need help due to long-term physical or mental ill-health, infirmity or old age We find 3 groups among those in households containing a member who needs help: • Don’t need professional care ( Don’t need ) • Need professional care and have ( Need and have ) • Need professional care and don’t have ( Unmet needs ) • A need of help ≠ the need for professional home care www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 16 18 September 2019

Homecare need by country (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Corporatist Liberal Southern Don't need formal care Met need for formal care Unmet need for formal care www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 17 18 September 2019

Reason for unmet home care need (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL Corporatist Liberal Southern Cannot afford Refused by those needing care Service unavailable Other reason www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 18 18 September 2019

Predicting “Unmet Need for Home Care” Vs “Met Need for Care” (Odd ratios) -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 FI AT BE FR Ref: SE IRL UK IT ES EL Lone parents Ref: Adults over 65 Adults with disability Other adults Ref: High Medium Social class Low social class www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 19 18 September 2019

Predicting material deprivation by home care need (Odds ratios; controlling for country differences, not shown) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Ref: Met need No need Unmet need Ref: Adults over 65 Lone parents Adults with disability Other adults Middle class Ref: High class Lower class www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 20 18 September 2019