A Mathematical Theory of Communication (after C. E. Shannon) Alex Vlasiuk Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 1 / 17
Image: IEEE Information Theory Society
Why Shannon? Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 3 / 17
Why Shannon? ◮ ”the father of information theory” Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 3 / 17
Why Shannon? ◮ ”the father of information theory” ◮ ideas from the 1948 paper are ubiquitous Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 3 / 17
Why Shannon? ◮ ”the father of information theory” ◮ ideas from the 1948 paper are ubiquitous ◮ (hopefully) some can be explained through handwaving Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 3 / 17
Why Shannon? ◮ ”the father of information theory” ◮ ideas from the 1948 paper are ubiquitous ◮ (hopefully) some can be explained through handwaving: c � Jeff Portaro, Noun Project Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 3 / 17
Why Shannon? ◮ ”the father of information theory” ◮ ideas from the 1948 paper are ubiquitous ◮ (hopefully) some can be explained through handwaving: c � Jeff Portaro, Noun Project ◮ was on my desktop Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 3 / 17
Why Shannon? ◮ ”the father of information theory” ◮ ideas from the 1948 paper are ubiquitous ◮ (hopefully) some can be explained through handwaving: c � Jeff Portaro, Noun Project ◮ was on my desktop Shannon, Claude Elwood. ”A mathematical theory of communication.” ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review 5.1 (2001): 3-55. Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 3 / 17
Setting Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 4 / 17
Capacity and states of a channel Symbols: S 1 , . . . , S n with certain durations t 1 , . . . , t n . Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 5 / 17
Capacity and states of a channel Symbols: S 1 , . . . , S n with certain durations t 1 , . . . , t n . Allowed combinations of symbols are signals. Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 5 / 17
Capacity and states of a channel Symbols: S 1 , . . . , S n with certain durations t 1 , . . . , t n . Allowed combinations of symbols are signals. Capacity of a channel: log N ( T ) C = lim , T T →∞ N ( T ) is the number of allowed signals of duration T. Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 5 / 17
Capacity and states of a channel Symbols: S 1 , . . . , S n with certain durations t 1 , . . . , t n . Allowed combinations of symbols are signals. Capacity of a channel: log N ( T ) C = lim , T T →∞ N ( T ) is the number of allowed signals of duration T. Units: bits per second. Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 5 / 17
Capacity and states of a channel Symbols: S 1 , . . . , S n with certain durations t 1 , . . . , t n . Allowed combinations of symbols are signals. Capacity of a channel: log N ( T ) C = lim , T T →∞ N ( T ) is the number of allowed signals of duration T. Units: bits per second. Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 5 / 17
Graphical representation of a Markov process Source is a stochastic (random) process. Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 6 / 17
Graphical representation of a Markov process Source is a stochastic (random) process. Example. Alphabet: A, B, C. Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 6 / 17
Graphical representation of a Markov process Source is a stochastic (random) process. Example. Alphabet: A, B, C. Transition probabilities: Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 6 / 17
Graphical representation of a Markov process Source is a stochastic (random) process. Example. Alphabet: A, B, C. Transition probabilities: Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 6 / 17
Example: approximations to English Using 27 (26+space) alphabet. Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 7 / 17
Example: approximations to English Using 27 (26+space) alphabet. ◮ symbols independent and equiprobable: XFOML RXKHRJFFJUJ ZLPWCFWKCYJ FFJEYVKCQSGHYD QPAAMKBZAACIBZLHJQD Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 7 / 17
Example: approximations to English Using 27 (26+space) alphabet. ◮ symbols independent and equiprobable: XFOML RXKHRJFFJUJ ZLPWCFWKCYJ FFJEYVKCQSGHYD QPAAMKBZAACIBZLHJQD ◮ symbols independent but with frequencies of English text: OCRO HLI RGWR NMIELWIS EU LL NBNESEBYA TH EEI ALHENHTTPA OOBTTVA NAH BRL Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 7 / 17
Example: approximations to English Using 27 (26+space) alphabet. ◮ symbols independent and equiprobable: XFOML RXKHRJFFJUJ ZLPWCFWKCYJ FFJEYVKCQSGHYD QPAAMKBZAACIBZLHJQD ◮ symbols independent but with frequencies of English text: OCRO HLI RGWR NMIELWIS EU LL NBNESEBYA TH EEI ALHENHTTPA OOBTTVA NAH BRL ◮ digram structure as in English: ON IE ANTSOUTINYS ARE T INCTORE ST BE S DEAMY ACHIN D ILONASIVE TUCOOWE AT TEASONARE FUSO TIZIN ANDY TOBE SEACE CTISBE Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 7 / 17
Example: approximations to English Using 27 (26+space) alphabet. ◮ symbols independent and equiprobable: XFOML RXKHRJFFJUJ ZLPWCFWKCYJ FFJEYVKCQSGHYD QPAAMKBZAACIBZLHJQD ◮ symbols independent but with frequencies of English text: OCRO HLI RGWR NMIELWIS EU LL NBNESEBYA TH EEI ALHENHTTPA OOBTTVA NAH BRL ◮ digram structure as in English: ON IE ANTSOUTINYS ARE T INCTORE ST BE S DEAMY ACHIN D ILONASIVE TUCOOWE AT TEASONARE FUSO TIZIN ANDY TOBE SEACE CTISBE ”One opens a book at random and selects a letter at random on the page. This letter is recorded. The book is then opened to another page and one reads until this letter is encountered. The succeeding letter is then recorded.” Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 7 / 17
◮ trigram structure as in English: IN NO IST LAT WHEY CRATICT FROURE BIRS GROCID PONDENOME OF DEMONSTURES OF THE REPTAGIN IS REGOACTIONA OF CRE Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 8 / 17
◮ trigram structure as in English: IN NO IST LAT WHEY CRATICT FROURE BIRS GROCID PONDENOME OF DEMONSTURES OF THE REPTAGIN IS REGOACTIONA OF CRE ◮ first-order word approximation: REPRESENTING AND SPEEDILY IS AN GOOD APT OR COME CAN DIFFERENT NATURAL HERE HE THE A IN CAME THE TO OF TO EXPERT GRAY COME TO FURNISHES THE LINE MESSAGE HAD BE THESE Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 8 / 17
◮ trigram structure as in English: IN NO IST LAT WHEY CRATICT FROURE BIRS GROCID PONDENOME OF DEMONSTURES OF THE REPTAGIN IS REGOACTIONA OF CRE ◮ first-order word approximation: REPRESENTING AND SPEEDILY IS AN GOOD APT OR COME CAN DIFFERENT NATURAL HERE HE THE A IN CAME THE TO OF TO EXPERT GRAY COME TO FURNISHES THE LINE MESSAGE HAD BE THESE ◮ Second-order word approximation: THE HEAD AND IN FRONTAL ATTACK ON AN ENGLISH WRITER THAT THE CHARACTER OF THIS POINT IS THEREFORE ANOTHER METHOD FOR THE LETTERS THAT THE TIME OF WHO EVER TOLD THE PROBLEM FOR AN UNEXPECTED Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 8 / 17
Entropy A set of possible events with probabilities p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 9 / 17
Entropy A set of possible events with probabilities p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n Need: a measure of uncertainty in the outcome Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 9 / 17
Entropy A set of possible events with probabilities p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n Need: a measure of uncertainty in the outcome n � H = − p i log p i i =1 Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 9 / 17
Entropy A set of possible events with probabilities p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n Need: a measure of uncertainty in the outcome n � H = − p i log p i i =1 Example: two possibilities with probabilities p and q = 1 − p . Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 9 / 17
Entropy A set of possible events with probabilities p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n Need: a measure of uncertainty in the outcome n � H = − p i log p i i =1 Example: two possibilities with probabilities p and q = 1 − p . H = − ( p log p + q log q ) Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 9 / 17
Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 10 / 17
Conditional entropy and entropy of a source x, y - events H ( x ) + H ( y ) ≥ H ( x, y ) Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 11 / 17
Conditional entropy and entropy of a source x, y - events H ( x ) + H ( y ) ≥ H ( x, y ) = H ( x ) + H x ( y ) Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 11 / 17
Conditional entropy and entropy of a source x, y - events H ( x ) + H ( y ) ≥ H ( x, y ) = H ( x ) + H x ( y ) A source has states with entropies H i , transition probabilities are p i ( j ) Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 11 / 17
Conditional entropy and entropy of a source x, y - events H ( x ) + H ( y ) ≥ H ( x, y ) = H ( x ) + H x ( y ) A source has states with entropies H i , transition probabilities are p i ( j ) , then � � H = P i H i = − P i p i ( j ) log p i ( j ) i i,j Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 11 / 17
Conditional entropy and entropy of a source x, y - events H ( x ) + H ( y ) ≥ H ( x, y ) = H ( x ) + H x ( y ) A source has states with entropies H i , transition probabilities are p i ( j ) , then � � H = P i H i = − P i p i ( j ) log p i ( j ) i i,j Different units! Alex A Mathematical Theory of Communication 11 / 17
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