• An alternating current is passed through a coil • A.C. generates an alternating field • Alternating field generates eddy currents in conductors
• An alternating current is passed through a coil • A.C. generates an alternating field • Alternating field generates eddy currents in conductors • Eddy currents generate opposing field which modifies current in coil
Defects will interrupt the eddy current Interruption in the coil current is displayed on the set
Equipme pment
Electrical currents induced in metals by alternating magnetic fields The size of the current is affected by • Electrical conductivity • Stand off distance • Flaws • Permeability • Specimen dimensions
• Sensitive to surface defects • Can detect through several layers • Can detect through surface coatings • Accurate conductivity measurements • Can be automated • Little pre-cleaning required • Portability
• Very susceptible to permeability changes • Only on conductive materials • Will not detect defects parallel to surface • Not suitable for large areas and/or complex geometry's • Signal interpretation required • No permanent record (unless automated) • Expensive equipment
Principle • High frequency sound sound waves are introduced into a material • Reflected sound gives information on the material under test and signals displayed on a CRT
The presence of a Defect in the material shows up on the screen of the flaw detector with a less distance than the bottom of the material The BWE signal Defect signal Defect
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 60 mm The depth of the defect can be read with reference to the marker on the screen
The closer the reflector B A C to the surface, the signal will be more to the left of the screen 30 46 68 The thickness is read from the screen The THINNER the material the less distance the sound C travel B A
May 1999: t min = 29.6 mm Dec. 1999: t min = 29.6 mm June 2000: t min = 29.4 mm April 2001: t min = 29.2 mm
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