7. Political and Cultural Developments, 1815-1848
7.1 Conservatism 7.2 Liberalism 7.3 Nationalism 7.4 Socialism 7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
7.1 Conservatism
Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) 1) Conservatism At Home – Domestic Trinity: Throne, Land Altar 2) Conservatism Abroad – International Trinity: Congress System, balance of power, existing borders
Conservatism • Aristocrats • Landed Wealth • Community • Established Church
7.2 Liberalism
1) Politics • Private Property • Written Constitution • Religious Toleration • Abolitionism 2) Economics • Free markets and Free Trade • Laissez-faire Capitalism
John Stuart Mill On Liberty (1859)
Limits of Liberalism • Role of Women? • Property Qualifications • Middle Class Bias
7.3 Nationalism
• Nation-al identity • Sense of “Us” • Unity of Purpose ( Levee en Mass ) • Romanticism
• Identity only in Nation? – Jews? – Does everyone have a nation? • Sense of “Them”
7.4 Socialism
1) Types of Socialism • Socialist Parties • Utopian Socialism • Anarchism • Communism 2) Common Features • Cooperation > Competition • Anti-Private Property
Charles Fourier • Utopian Socialist • Phalanxes • Brook Farm (MA)
Other examples of Socialism • Fabian Society • Labour Party (Britain) • Social Democratic Party (Germany) • Labor Unions
7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
“When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold” - Klemens von Metternich
Revolutions of 1830 1) France • Charles X to Louis- Phillipe • Troi Glorieuses 2) Poland • Uprising against Russian Rule 3) Italy • National uprising against Austria
Revolution of 1848 - France • Louis-Phillippe – “Bourgeois Monarch” • February Revolution • Second Republic • Louis Blanc – National Workshops
Revolution of 1848 - Austria • Ferdinand to Franz Joseph • Hungary and Russia • Italy
Revolution of 1848 - Germany • Frankfurt Parliament • What is Germany?
Revolution of 1848 – Legacy? Success or Failure? Pivot of Nationalism?
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