3/6/2017 Managing Pesky Insects On Vegetables - Let’s Get Started - 1 Where We’re Going: Hit the Highlights • Integrated Pest Management • Entomology: Nuts & Bolts • Into Your Garden: – Vegetables-pests & beneficials – (Next time…) – Fruits & Nuts – Landscape Plants Integrated Pest Management **IPM** …a combination of biological, cultural & chemical pest control methods that reduce pest damage to acceptable levels while maintaining environmental integrity Appropriate for all pests, all crops, all areas Scout often. Identify FIRST! No ‘see and spray’ for anything Regulate if needed, not eradicate Keep yourself, pets, family, non-targets & environment safe 3 1
3/6/2017 Importance of Identification *It’s the key to information about an unknown *Is it a pest/beneficial/harmless visitor? *Key to control information---if needed, which stage is most vulnerable? Appropriate treatment? If you need help, ASK Your County Extension Agent!!! Your “Tools” for IPM • Horticultural: right cultivars, time (of year), water (salinity, pH), sun/shade, weeds • Soils: test, texture, salinity, fertility, organics • Mechanical: hand picking, sanitation • Barriers: mulch?, screens, row covers, hoop house, greenhouse • Beneficials: predators, parasitoids, pathogens • Insecticides: Organic? Minerals, soaps, oils, botanicals, microbials. Conventional? Nuts & Bolts: Basic Entomology • What is an Insect? – Phylum Arthropoda —’jointed legs or feet’ – Segmented body – Exoskeleton with chitin – Adults have 6 legs; 2 antennae; max. 4 wings; 3 body parts/regions – Modern spp. small; often prolific, widespread -- Immatures may/may not look like adults they will become -- Behavior, seasonal appearance, host ranges, impacts highly variable by species • Good News/Bad News---80+% of animal species are INSECTS! Some are pests; others beneficial--- most are ‘neutral’ 2
3/6/2017 Exoskeleton Problem---Molting “Solves” It for Growth & Development Simple Metamorphosis: Aphids, Bugs, Grasshoppers, et al. Wing Pad III Egg Nymphs I V IV II Plant Bug Adult Immatures & adults---may occur, feed together Immature stages---find & control these = less damage? Complete Metamorphosis: Beetles, Moths, Flies, Bees, et al. Egg ---Larvae (Instars)--- Pupa Adult Damaging Stage(s) for Insects w/Complete Metamorphosis? Larvae and/or adult? 3
3/6/2017 Chewing Mouthparts: Grasshopper Labrum Mandible ** (upper) (2 of these) Maxilla Labium (lower) Damage done? Chewing, gnawing, boring Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts: aphids, bugs, scales Damage? Tiny dots on foliage, stems; wilting, Mandible ** injections of toxins, Muscles Maxilla Pathogens chlorosis, necrosis Cross-section True bug feeding, Cicada nymph Through beak Side view Nomenclature--- ’Relationships’ Based on Morphology & Genetics (Increasingly) Phylum - Arthropoda Class – Insecta Order – Diptera Family – Muscidae Genus – Musca Species – domestica Scientific name = Musca domestica Common name = House fly *You may have learned some of these in school? 4
3/6/2017 Common Orders of Insects (et al.) That You Can See on Vegetables… • No Metamorphosis • Complete Metamorphosis – Acari = mites – Coleoptera = beetles • Simple Metamorphosis – Lepidoptera = moths, butterflies – Odonata = dragonflies, – (Diptera = flies) damselflies – (Hymenoptera = ants, – Orthoptera = grasshoppers bees, wasps, sawflies) – Thysanoptera = thrips – (Neuroptera = – Hemiptera = ‘bugs’ lacewings, antlions) Order Orthoptera Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids • 3 rd legs enlarged jumping • Forewings straight, hind wings fan-like • Chewing mouthparts • Simple metamorphosis *** • NM has 160 species • Highly variable in form, distribution, mobility Order Thysanoptera Thrips (e.g. onion & W. flower) • ‘Fringed’ wings • Minute • Rasping/sucking mouthparts • Eggs laid in plant tissues • Virus vectors • Metamorphosis ‘between’ simple & complete 5
3/6/2017 Order Hemiptera- 3 Large ‘Groups’ Leafhopper group Aphid, psyllid, whitefly group (highly variable) • Active: jumping, flying • Generally sedentary; some • Small< ¼” immatures immobile • Wedge-shaped w/spiny hind • Small< 1/8”, soft -bodied tibiae, sucking mps • Parthenogenesis, live birth • Eggs laid in host tissues • Sucking mps, honeydew • Some are pathogen vectors • Pathogen vectors Order Hemiptera- 3 Large ‘Groups’ (Heteroptera, Leafhopper, Aphid et al.) All w/sucking mps, simple metamorphosis ‘ Heteroptera group’ • ‘Bugs,’ in general • Sucking mp; damage variable chlorosis, necrosis • Various features of beak, antennae, legs, wings, behavior, habitat are used to separate families Order Coleoptera Beetles • Forewings cover all or part of abdomen; hardened, opaque • Hind wings usually membranous, used in flight; folded at rest • Antennae, legs, body, size variable • Chewing mps, complete metamorphosis 6
3/6/2017 Order Lepidoptera Moths & Butterflies • Adults w/2 pr broad, flat wings w/scales • Adults w/siphoning mps or none; harmless • Larvae = caterpillars w/chewing mps, defoliate or bore into plants • Many species nocturnal Finding Those Insects As you weed or do other chores.. Scoot one of these under suspect plants; shake plants, see what’s in the pan---AHA! $$$ More Tools to Detect/Track Pests • Sticky traps • Pheromone traps • Baited traps Pheromone trap for various spp. moths, etc. Helps you DETECT pests, DETERMINE activity periods, TIME treatments, etc. But you need to ID target pest! Spotted Wing Drosophila Trap 7
3/6/2017 Into the Garden We Go… • Arranged by Insect Order – Examples of pests in that order – See usual damage associated with each pest – Options for management? Evidence of Pests 8
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