1 2009 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela 521114S Wireless Measurements 4,0 credits Esko Alasaarela, Dr Tech Docent University of Oulu Department of Electrical and Information Engineering Oulu, Finland OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 2 Course plan A. 25 hours lectures B. 10 hours seminars on temporary themes a) 1-2 student groups, 20 min presentation + discussion 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela b) Themes will be given on lectures C. Material: Lecture slides + article copies + seminars D. Recommended to take course ‘Sensors and measurement methods’ first (There are many references in these slides to the lecture notes of that course) E. Exam a) 60-80 exam questions given in advance OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY
3 Content of the course A. Introduction B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies C. Wireless standards and sensor networks 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela • Wireless standard IEEE1451.5 • Wireless sensor networks D. Industrial applications E. Traffic and logistics applications F. Environmental applications G. Healthcare applications OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 4 A. Introduction A. Course description a) Period 4 b) Lectures and seminars 25+10 hours c) Credits 4,0 units 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela d) Lecturer: Docent Esko Alasaarela e) Objectives: � To acquire basic knowledge and understanding how to apply wireless technologies in measurement needs and, especially, in industrial, traffic, environmental and healthcare applications A. Introduction f) Contents: � Basics of wireless measurements and technologies, Wireless standards and networks, Industrial, traffic and logistics, environmental and healthcare applications g) Implementation: Lectures, seminars and exam h) Text book: No text book available, the lecture material will be announced on lectures B. Motivation In future, everything can be measured and monitored via 6LowPAN – technology, which will bring sensors and actuators everywhere with individual IP-addresses. OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY
5 By the way … Even habits of animals can be monitored vie wireless sensors An example of sensor nodes attached to cattle: Source: Tim Wark et al, (a) Accelerometer for movement “Transforming Agriculture through Pervasive Wireless 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela (b) Magnetometer for orientation Sensor Networks”, IEEE Pervasive Computing, April- (c) GPS for location June, 2007, p. 50-57 A. Introduction OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 6 Seminars A. Contemporary themes a) Will be given on lectures b) Something interesting like the cattle monitoring 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela B. Material a) At least 3 sources b) Journal and conference (e.g. IEEE) papers, company reports, white papers etc. A. Introduction C. Report (in Finnish or in English) a) Slide series of 10 – 20 slides (ppt and pdf) � Introduction, Problem, Solution, Experiments, Discussion, Conclusion b) Copies of source material (pdf if possible) D. Presentation a) 20 minutes presentation per student b) Everybody have to listen and discuss on 5 other students presentation OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY
7 Seminar themes 2009 A. Bluetooth in wireless measurement applications B. Zigbee in wireless measurement applications C. Comparison of Bluetooth and Zigbee 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela D. Wireless human health monitoring E. Location, location, location (traffic) F. Etc. A. Introduction OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 8 B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies A. Sensing principles and variables a) Principles: Capacitive, inductive, resistive, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies pyroelectric, optical, electrochemical, etc. b) Variables: Distance, angle, velocity, angular velocity, flow, acceleration, force, pressure, torsion, mass, density, temperature, luminance, moisture etc. 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela B. Performance of the sensors a) Static, dynamic, environmental, electric, mechanical, chemical/biological etc. C. Design parameters of wireless transducers a) Requirements for measurement b) Requirements for signal processing c) Engineering criteria d) Ambivalence of measurement D. Phenomena which can be measured wirelessly a) Mechanical variables (displacement, location, movement, velocity, acceleration, force, weigh, torsion, etc.), surface height etc. b) Temperature, pressure, liquid and gas flow, humidity and water content etc. c) Sound and noise, light and optical phenomena, nuclear phenomena etc. E. Wireless technologies a) Radio waves (RF, 2,4 GHz, Bluetooth, Zigbee, UWB) b) Other (infrared, ultrasound, optical) OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY
9 Sensing principles and variables Sensing principles Variables A. Capacitive A. Distance B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies B. Inductive B. Angle 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela C. Reluctive C. Velocity, angular velocity D. Electromagnetic D. Flow E. Piezoelectric E. Acceleration F. Potentiometric F. Force G. Strain gauge G. Pressure H. Photoconductive H. Torsion I. Photovoltaic I. Mass, density J. Thermoelectric J. Temperature K. Ionization K. Luminance L. Pyroelectric L. Moisture M. Galvanic current (bioelectric) M. Biosignals Pages 10 – 17 in Sensors N. Electromagnetic fields and measurement methods Etc. OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 10 Performance of the transducers A. Common properties a) Direct sensing a variable � derived measurements of other variables b) Range and span B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies B. Static properties a) Resolution, threshold, creep, hysteresis, friction error, repeatability, linearity, 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela sensitivity, zero-measured output, sensitivity shift, zero sift etc. C. Dynamic properties a) Frequency response, transient response, natural frequency, damping, overshoot, ringing frequency etc. D. Environmental properties a) Operating environmental effects, operating temperature range, thermal effects, acceleration properties, vibration effects, ambient pressure effects, mounting error etc. E. Electrical properties a) Excitation, isolation, grounding, source impedance, load impedance, input impedance, output impedance, insulation resistance, breakdown voltage rating, gain instability, output, end points, ripple, harmonic content, noise, loading error F. Mechanical properties a) Configuration, dimensions, mountings, connections, case material, materials in contact with measured fluids, case sealing identification G. Chemical/biological properties a) Chemical tolerance, environmental tolerance, biocompatibility, toxicity, chemical stability See Sensors and measurement methods p. 21 - 30 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY
11 Design parameters of wireless sensing systems A. Requirements for measuring a) Why? Need to measure B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies b) What? Variable or quantity to be measured 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela c) When? Timing, sampling and frequency needs d) Where? Mechanical (stability, vibration, shock) and assembling (fixed or moving) needs and environmental (climate, chemical and biological) needs e) How? Wired or wireless, range, resolution, accuracy, stability, reliability B. Requirements for signal processing a) Wireless or wired? Channel capacity and transmission costs b) Analog or digital? Need to go digital c) Local processing needs (e. g. Wireless sensor networks) d) Need to compensate systematic errors e) Automatic control of measuring parameters (range, resolution, sampling etc.) OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 12 Design parameters of wireless sensing systems cont. A. Engineering criteria a) Standards, size, construction, user-friendliness, life-cycle, B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies operating principle, output specs, fault tolerance etc. 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela b) Special for wireless: Energy source, energy consumption, size, robustness against changing environment, possibility to communicate by radio waves (or other means) B. Ambivalence of measurement a) Incomplete information about the object, inadequate mathematical model, measurement disturbs the object b) Data handling problems c) Non-ideal process, noise, sensitivity to disturbances from environment etc. OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY
13 Phenomena which can be measured wirelessly A. Phenomena which can be measured wirelessly a) Mechanical variables (displacement, location, movement, B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies velocity, acceleration, force, weigh, torsion, etc.) 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela b) Surface height c) Pressure d) Liquid and gas flow e) Humidity and water content f) Sound and noise g) Temperature h) Light and optical phenomena i) Nuclear phenomena j) Bioelectric signals k) Biomagnetic signals See Sensors and measurement methods from page 36 - OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 14 By the way … B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela http://www.wisensys.com OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY
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