15 01 2013 Content Brd av gamla spannmlssorter Challenges and - PDF document

15 ‐ 01 ‐ 2013 Content Bröd av gamla spannmålssorter  Challenges and recommendations (IAASTD) Ekologisk lantbruk och agroekologi  Sustainability som drivkräfter får hållbar  Ecosystem services and Multifunctionality  Crop diversification utveckling av jordbruket  Nutrients and soil organic matter Erik Steen Jensen  Agroecology and Organic Agriculture  Conclusions Foto: Hans Larsson Utmaningar för lantbruket  Klimatförändringar - anpassning och begränsning  Minskat övergödning av vattenmiljön  Minskat pesticid användning  Vatten tillgång ock kvalitet  Fossil energi användning och självförsörjning  Hälsosamma ock säkre livsmedel  Bevara biodiversitet ock förbättra markkvalitet  Livsmedelsförsörjning och ” mat suveränitet”  Djurvälfärd  Återföring av växtnäring från samhället till lantbruket  Landsbygdsutveckling  Föränderliga marknader 1

15 ‐ 01 ‐ 2013 “…. increase the agricultural production in a sustainable way”  Increased diversity of farming systems  Multifunctionality of crops and systems How to produce more with less  Improved nutrient , energy environmental impact and preserving and water use efficiency ecosystem services?  Supporting agroecological systems Agriculture at a Crossroads . Key recommendations from the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development – Johannesburg, April 2009 Global goals for 2050 Sustainable development? Development: making things better Sustainable: to be able to keep making things better Foley, J. et al . 2011. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478. Sustainable development: Brundtland Triple bottom line definition Three pillars of sustainability  Environmental aspects A development which fulfil the needs of the present generations without  Economic aspects endangering future generations  Social aspects possibilities for fulfilling their needs. 2

15 ‐ 01 ‐ 2013 Understanding systems Two ways to consider sustainable development Nature Nature Functional integrity Resource sufficiency Thompson, P.B. (1997). In Sørensen, J.T. (ed) Livestock farming systems - More than food production. Proc. of the fourth international symposium on livestock farming systems. EAAP Publ. No. 89: 5-15 pp Sustainable food systems A sustainable food system is one that recognizes the whole systems nature of food, feed, and fiber production in balancing the multifaceted concerns of environmental soundness, social equity, and economic viability among all sectors of society, across all nations and generations Gliessman 2007 3

15 ‐ 01 ‐ 2013 Linkage between ES and human well ‐ being Definitions: Ecosystem Services (ES) The aspects of ecosystems utilized (actively or passively) to produce human well-being (Fisher et al 2008) Legumes  Biological N 2 fixation  Reduced CO 2 and N 2 O emissions  Increased carbon sequestration  Biomass feedstock for industrial uses (bioenergy and materials - bioeconomy)  Diversification of systems MA, 2005 The inescapable interconnectednes of agricultures different roles and functions Definition: multifunctionality of agriculture: Beyond its primary function of producing food and fibre, agricultural activities can also: shape the landscape, provide environmental benefits, such as land conservation, the sustainable management of renewable natural resources and the preservation of biodiversity, and contribute to the socio ‐ economic viability of many rural areas. Agriculture is multifunctional, when it has one or several functions in addition to its primary role of producing food and fibre Van Huylenbroeck et al. 2007 Agriculture at a Crossroads, 2009 4

15 ‐ 01 ‐ 2013 Agroecology Multifunctionality The ability of a system to deliver several functions Society (services), e.g. Landscape and 1 Production of goods/commodities environment – Food – Fibers Farm b – Fuels Region – Chemicals/materials Farm a 2 Water protection 3 Climate regulation (e.g. carbon sequestration) 4 Soil fertility 5 Biodiversity • The integrative study of entire food systems, encompassing ecological 6 Recreation 7 Bioremediation economic and social dimensions. 8 Socio-economic development in rural areas • Design of individual farms using principles of ecology involving landscape, community and bioregion with emphasis on uniqueness of place and the people and other species that inhabitat that place. Francis, C et al 2003. J. Sustainable Agriculture 22, 99 ‐ 118 Key agroecological and OA methods  Crop diversification in time and space  Recycling of organic matter and nutrients within and to farm Altieri, M. Agroecology, 1995 Agrobiodiversity in time and space of cropping systems  In time: rotation  Yield level and stability  Yield level and stability  In space: managed by input regulated by diversity, factors (fossil energy: complementarity and – Variety mixtures fertilizers, competitive interactions – Intercropping agrochemicals, heavy (ecosystem services) – Strip cropping mechanization)  Heterogeneity – Agroforestry  Homogeneity  Efficient use of – Cover crops and living mulches  Inefficient use of resources and lower – Windbreaks field margins resources and losses losses – Field design 5

15 ‐ 01 ‐ 2013 Intercropping ‐ the simultaneous cultivation of several species on a field ‐ arable crops less frequently intercropped ‐ two species or cultivars is the most simple intercrop Nitrogen and phosphorus supply and Documented effects of intercropping of loss in Swedish agriculture (ton N yr ‐ 1 ) grain legumes and cereals in European OA  Increased yield compared sole cropping of the two species on a similar area of land 38%  Enhanced use of ecosystem services, e.g. mineralized nutrients and biological N 2 fixation  Improved use efficiency of light, water and nutrients  Improved weed control compared to legume sole crop (SC)  Reduced disease and pest development in crop  Enhanced yield stability, resilience to stress and less risk in protein production  Reduced potential for N leaching compared to legume SC  Enhanced protein concentration and baking quality of cereals SCB 2007 e.g. Hauggaard ‐ Nielsen, H., Jørnsgaard, B., Kinane, J., and Jensen, E.S. 2008. Grain Legume – cereal intercropping: The practical application of diversity, competition and facilitation in arable and organic cropping systems. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems: 23, 3 ‐ 12. 6

15 ‐ 01 ‐ 2013 Tonnes of N and P year -1 GHG emissions from Swedish agriculture (mill ton CO 2 ekv)  N 2 O from nitrogen cycling in soils, incl N- fertilizers and animal manure: 5.2 mill. ton  CH 4 livestock and manure: 3.3 mill ton  Energy in agriculture: > 1 mill. ton  Change in land use, eg organic soils: some mill. ton Naturvårdsverket, 2007, 2009 SCB, 2007 Hushållningssälskabet Halland, 2009 6000 g CO2 equivalents/kg product 5000 Plant protection strategies for the future 4000 3000 2000 Diversity Pesticides 1000 0 Cultural Cultural Pork Semifat Potatoes Carrots Greenhouse Wheat Oat Rapeseed milk tomatoes methods methods Halberg et al 2007 Host resistance Host resistance Conventional Organic strategies strategies Klimatavtrycket för ekologisk spannmål relativt konventionell beror framförallt på skördenivå och kvävegödslingsstrategi. En god skördenivå i Pesticides Diversity, crop rotation, ekospannmålen kombinerat med en moderat giva av stallgödsel alternativt preventative control methods specialgödsel ger klimatavtryck per kg ekologisk spannmål som är lägre än konventionell Cederberg et al 2011 After Wiik 2009 Values, principles and certification in organic farming Certification Organic agriculture KRAV EU-label  Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. Principles  It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles Health adapted to local conditions , rather than the use of inputs with Ecology Research and development Fairness adverse effects. Care  Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair Values relationships and a good quality of life for all involved “Respect for Nature” IFOAM, 2011 7