Structure of Talk Structure of Talk Open Source Software at 50: Open Source Software at 50: I ts Corporate and I ts Corporate and Review of canonical accounts of the origins of Review of canonical accounts of the origins of Mathematical Origins Mathematical Origins 1. 1. open source/free software open source/free software Linus Torvalds and Linux Linus Torvalds and Linux • Thomas Haigh Thomas Haigh Raymond Stallman and GNU Raymond Stallman and GNU Raymond Stallman and GNU Raymond Stallman and GNU • The Haigh Group/ The Haigh Group/ The Hacker Culture and Bell Labs The Hacker Culture and Bell Labs • University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Examination of the role of the IBM SHARE Examination of the role of the IBM SHARE 2. 2. SHOT, Washington DC SHOT, Washington DC scientific user group in the 1950s scientific user group in the 1950s October 2007 October 2007 Part of larger project on mathematical software Part of larger project on mathematical software • Research supported by SIAM with funds from grant # DE- Research supported by SIAM with funds from grant # DE - Some preliminary conclusions Some preliminary conclusions 3. 3. FG02- FG02 -01ER25547 awarded by the US Department of Energy. 01ER25547 awarded by the US Department of Energy. Open Source Idea? Open Source Idea? 1: Origins of Open Source 1: Origins of Open Source The The basic idea behind open source basic idea behind open source is is very simple: When programmers can read, very simple: When programmers can read, Software – Software – Three Fables Three Fables redistribute, and modify the source code redistribute, and modify the source code f for a piece of software, the software f for a piece of software, the software i i f f ft ft th th ft ft evolves. People improve it, people adapt evolves. People improve it, people adapt it, people fix bugs. it, people fix bugs. From OpenSource.org homepage From OpenSource.org homepage “Open Source” concept attributed to 1998 “Open Source” concept attributed to 1998 meeting, Eric S. Raymond meeting, Eric S. Raymond Version 1: Finland, 1991 Version 1: Finland, 1991 Power of the Internet Power of the Internet Linus Torvalds sends a Linus Torvalds sends a From: From: Similar recent success for Similar recent success for torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI message to the message to the Firefox browser Firefox browser (Linus Benedict Torvalds) (Linus Benedict Torvalds) comp.so.minix comp.so.minix Newsgroups: comp.os.minix Newsgroups: comp.os.minix Subject: Gcc Subject: Gcc- -1.40 and a 1.40 and a The story The story newsgroup … newsgroup posix posix- -question question Genius young programmer Genius young programmer Message- Message -ID: ID: Linux was project of Linus Linux was project of Linus Linux was project of Linus Linux was project of Linus <1991J l3 100050 9886@kl <1991Jul3.100050.9886@klaava <1991J l3 100050 9886@kl <1991Jul3.100050.9886@klaava starts visionary project starts visionary project Torvalds Torvalds .Helsinki.FI> .Helsinki.FI> Date: 3 Jul 91 10:00:50 GMT Date: 3 Jul 91 10:00:50 GMT Promising but incomplete Promising but incomplete Begun in 1991 as Begun in 1991 as versions posted on internet versions posted on internet undergrad in Finland undergrad in Finland Hello netlanders, Hello netlanders, attract community of attract community of Due to a project I'm working Due to a project I'm working Now a leading server Now a leading server on (in minix), I'm on (in minix), I'm user/developers user/developers operating system operating system interested in the posix interested in the posix A virtuous circle leads to A virtuous circle leads to standard definition. Could standard definition. Could somebody please point me to somebody please point me to exponential growth exponential growth a (preferably) a (preferably) machine machine- -readable format of readable format of the latest posix rules? Ftp the latest posix rules? Ftp- - sites would be sites would be nice. nice. 1
Version 2: MIT, 1983 Version 2: MIT, 1983 Bazaar Model Bazaar Model Richard Stallman was Richard Stallman was Characteristics include Characteristics include respected MIT “hacker” respected MIT “hacker” Users as co Users as co- -developers developers Author of EMACS editor Author of EMACS editor Projects start with personal Projects start with personal Since 1984 Stallman Since 1984 Stallman problems to solve problems to solve Coordinates GNU project Coordinates GNU project Coordinates GNU project Coordinates GNU project Users debug systems Users debug systems – – “many “many eyes make bugs shallow” eyes make bugs shallow” GNU is Not Unix GNU is Not Unix (recursive name) (recursive name) Early and frequent releases Early and frequent releases Intended to produce Intended to produce High modularization High modularization open, free version of Unix open, free version of Unix A “benevolent dictator” to A “benevolent dictator” to lead project lead project “Free as in speech… not “Free as in speech… not beer” beer” GNU’s Free Software Definition GNU’s Free Software Definition Version 3: Hacker Culture Version 3: Hacker Culture Stallman was Stallman was The freedom to run the program, for any The freedom to run the program, for any propagating and propagating and purpose (freedom 0). purpose (freedom 0). defending a tradition defending a tradition going back to the late going back to the late The freedom to study how the program works, The freedom to study how the program works, 1950s at MIT 1950s at MIT and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1). Access and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1). Access p p y y ( ( ) ) to the source code is a precondition for this. to the source code is a precondition for this. Fundamentally Fundamentally oppositional oppositional The freedom to redistribute copies so you can The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). help your neighbor (freedom 2). Propagated and Propagated and revitalized by revitalized by The freedom to improve the program, and The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that release your improvements to the public, so that Personal computes Personal computes the whole community benefits (freedom 3). the whole community benefits (freedom 3). Widespread internet Widespread internet Access to the source code is a precondition for Access to the source code is a precondition for access access this. this. Summary of 3 Summary of 3 The Hacker Ethic The Hacker Ethic Conventional Views Conventional Views Access to computers… unlimited and total Access to computers… unlimited and total Stress Stress All information should be free All information should be free Hacker culture and ideological commitments Hacker culture and ideological commitments Mistrust authority Mistrust authority – promote decentralization y p promote decentralization Unpaid enthusiast virtuosos Unpaid enthusiast virtuosos Unpaid enthusiast virtuosos Unpaid enthusiast virtuosos Hackers should be judged by their hacking… Hackers should be judged by their hacking… Charismatic individuals Charismatic individuals You can create beauty and art on a computer You can create beauty and art on a computer Novel licensing arrangements Novel licensing arrangements Computers can change your life for the better Computers can change your life for the better All about operating systems All about operating systems From ch. 2 of Hackers, by Steven Levy, From ch. 2 of Hackers, by Steven Levy, 2
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