Lecture overview � ◊ 02: Vannevar Bush Hypermedia 2 � ◊ 08, ◊ 16: Douglas Engelbart; Douglas Engelbart & William English Exploratory and Constructive Hypertext � ◊ 11, ◊ 21, ◊ 30: Ted Nelson � ◊ 54: Tim Berners-Lee � ◊ 42: Joyce, M. (1988). Exploratory and Constructive Hypertext New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 2 ◊ 02 As We May Think The Memex � A “common record” � “Indexing systems (like the alphabetical order) are to � The scientist of the future would artificial.” have a wearable camera and voice recorder, always ready to capture � Info can be in only one place information and store it in the � Complex rules have to be used “common record” for finding the path � Having found one item, one has � Capture to emerge from the system and re-enter on a new path � Insertion � Selection � “The human mind does not work that way. It operates by association.” New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 3 New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 4 The Memex user interface Associate indexing and the trail blazers � “A memex is a device in which an � All sorts of books and other info � “Associate indexing”, the process individual stores all his books, would be bough on microfilm of tying two items together, is the records, and communications, and format and inserted into the essential feature of the Memex which is mechanized so that it may Memex � Users can build “trails” be consulted with exceeding speed � The UI allows page turning at � Bush foresees and flexibility.” different speeds � New kinds of encyclopedias having different trails built into � User interface: them � Translucent screens (displays) � A new profession: the “trail � A keyboard, buttons and levers blazer”, “establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of � A camera (“analog scanner”) the common record” � Storage technology: � microfilm New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 5 New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 6 1
◊ 08 Augmenting Human Intellect ◊ 08 Augmenting Human Intellect � Engelbarts “framework” � Essentially all humans are augmented � The H-LAM/T System � E.g. a typewriter makes the � H – human process of writing faster � L – language � A – artifacts � M – methodology � De-augmentation is also possible � T – training � E.g. the idea of writing with a brick pen (p97) New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 7 New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 8 ◊ 08 Augmenting Human Intellect ◊ 08 Augmenting Human Intellect � One important feature of � About the Memex: � Augmentation technology like the � “If my mental processes were augmentation technology is its Memex would encourage more powerful, I could dispense � “The Memex allows a human ability to speed up, and otherwise with the cards, and hold all of the user to do more conveniently (less � New methods of work by the user simplify, the structuring of symbols card-sized concept structures in energy, more quickly) what he � New ways of collaboration my memory, where also would be could have done with relatively � E.g. the way info is copied and held the categorization linkages ordinary photographic equipment distributed to other individuals that evolved as I worked (with my and filing systems, but he would � Each node is a concept feet up on the artifacts and my have had to spend so much time � Engelbart mainly studied eyes closed). in the lower-level processes of hypermedia based on nodes of As it is, and as it probably always manipulation that his mental time smaller size than the typical web will be […] I want to work in constants of memory and pages of today problem areas where the number patience would have rendered the and interrelationship complexity of system unusable in the detailed the individual factors involved are and intimate sense which Bush � He started out with a set of too much for me to hold and illustrates.” physical notecards manipulate within my mind.” New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 9 New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 10 ◊ 16 Augmenting Human Intellect ◊ 08 Augmenting Human Intellect System setup (1968) � In the paper he demonstrates how � 1 central computer various types of hyperlinks could � 64KB RAM facilitate comprehension of � 4.5 MB swapping drum complex arguments and statements � 96 MB file-storage disk � Hiearchical structures embedded � 12 client workstations � In-node expansion of target nodes � 875-line highres CRT monitor � Keyboard � Five-key handset (optional) � Mouse � High-level languages and associated compilers New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 11 New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 12 2
◊ 16 Augmenting Human Intellect ◊ 11 Ted Nelson and ELF Objective and Engelbart’s vision � To develop principles and � Engelbart’s vision is carried � “If a writer is really to be helped � Desiderata: The system should techniques for designing an forward today by the bootstrap by an automated system, it ought � sustain changes and re- “augmentation system” alliance to do more than retype and arrangements of its contents, transpose: it should stand by him � Technology � www.bootstrap.org � permit dynamic outlining, during early periods of muddled � Changes in conceptualizing, � Having as a general aim to boost confusion, when his ideas are � not be complicated. visualizing, and organizing “Collective IQ” scraps, fragments, phrases, and working material contradictory overall designs.” � Changes in procedures and methods for working individually � Proposal: A file system for and cooperatively � personal filing, and � The research group was also the subject group in the experiment � manuscript assembly � Demo video clip of the system on the course book CD New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 13 New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 14 ◊ 21 Ted Nelson: Computer Lib / Dream ◊ 11 Ted Nelson and ELF/PRIDE Machines (1974) � ELF (Evolutionary List File) is a � Definition of hypertext � Self-published book machine that is able to carry out � “Let me introduce the word � Two books back to back basic operations on ‘hypertext’ to mean a body of � Computer Lib: challenging what � Entries written or pictorial material the computers are here for interconnected in such a complex � Lists � Dream Machines: new media- way that it could not conveniently � Links focused with a twofold vision: be presented or represented on � Computerized media experiences � Sequences paper.” need to be designed with users (the audience) in mind, i.e. founding ideas for the area of HCI � PRIDE � These new media experiences should be published in an open publishing � UI towards ELF providing UNDO network (Xanadu) based on and history functions ELF/PRIDE New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 15 New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 16 ◊ 30 Ted Nelson: Proposal for Xanadu (1981) ◊ 54: Tim Berners-Lee and the WWW � Like Engelbart, Nelson envisions � Other important points � Originally developed by Berners- � Important concepts of the hypermedia on a higher granularity Lee to facilitate collaboration at WWW: � Eternal revision – there is no final than the document level CERN word � URI /URL � It is relatively small text � Key features: � User privacy � HTTP fragments that are nodes in the � Same user interface no matter � HTML medium what kind of server (http, ftp, gopher, etc.) � Features: � Open for multimedia extension � Links � Free browser (NCSA Mosaic) � Alternative parallell versions � Historical backtrack � Hierarchical relationships � A node can be part of another node etc. New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 17 New Media 2006 | Thomas Pederson, Dept. of Computing Science, Umeå University, Sweden 18 3
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