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1 Reason As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you will be - PDF document

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SOCM Introduction to Pathophysiology PFN: SOMCML1J Hours: 2.0 Last updated: 13 November 2015 JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 1 Terminal Learning Objective Action: Communicate knowledge of PHP Introduction to Pathophysiology

  1. SOCM Introduction to Pathophysiology PFN: SOMCML1J Hours: 2.0 Last updated: 13 November 2015 JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 1 Terminal Learning Objective  Action: Communicate knowledge of “PHP – Introduction to Pathophysiology”  Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment  Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 2 Reference  Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (4th edition; 2011; Gould; Dyer) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 3 1

  2. Reason As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you will be responsible for identifying and managing various pathological conditions and disorders. An understanding of pathophysiology will assist in the correlation of disease processes, affected anatomy and physiology, as well as appropriate treatments. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 4 Agenda  Define the key terms related to pathophysiology  Communicate the role of pathophysiology in health and disease  Define the study of pathophysiology  Communicate the importance of a patient’s medical history JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 5 Agenda  Identify new developments in pathophysiology  Define terminology used throughout pathophysiology  Define terms used for common cellular adaptations  Communicate the common causes of cell damage and necrosis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 6 2

  3. Key Terms Related to Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 7 Vocabulary Development  Anaerobic – metabolism and function without oxygen  Apoptosis – normal programmed cell death in tissues  Autopsy – an examination of part or all of a body, including organs, after death (postmortem) to determine the cause of illness and death  Biopsy – the removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a diagnosis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 8 Vocabulary Development  Endogenous – originating from within the body  Exogenous – originating from outside the body  Gangrene – necrotic tissue infected by bacteria  Infection – a disease caused by microorganism  Homeostasis – a relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including blood pressure, temperature, and pH, maintained by the carious control mechanisms JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 9 3

  4. Vocabulary Development  Hypoxia – a decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues  Iatrogenic – caused by a treatment, procedure, or error  Idiopathic – no known cause  Inflammation – the response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain  Ischemia – decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue  Lysis – destruction of a cell JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 10 Vocabulary Development  Lysosomal – pertaining to a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes, including lysozyme  Microorganisms – very small living organism, not visible to the naked eye, usually single‐celled  Microscopic – visible only when magnified by lenses in a microscope  Morphologic – the physical size, form, structure, and shape of cells and organs  Probability – the likelihood or chance of occurrence JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 11 The Role of Pathophysiology in Health and Disease JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 12 4

  5. Role of Pathophysiology  Pathophysiology vs. Pathology  Physiologic study vs. laboratory study  Great deal of overlap  Disease is deviation from homeostasis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 13 Applied Pathophysiology  Seven Steps to Health 1. Don’t smoke 2. Eat healthy and limit alcohol 3. Be physically active daily 4. Protect yourself from the sun 5. Follow cancer screening guidelines 6. Visit your doctor/dentist if you notice any changes in health 7. Follow health/safety instructions at home/work with HazMat JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 14 The Study of Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 15 5

  6. Study of Pathophysiology  Building Blocks of Pathophysiology  Signs related to the specific site of damage  Signs related to the pathologic process JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 16 Study of Pathophysiology  Prevention of disease is becoming the primary focus in health care  Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 17 Study of Pathophysiology  Health Research (three‐stage process)  First stage – “basic science” • laboratory • often uses animals and/or cell cultures  Second stage – safe for humans?  Third stage – clinical trials • large number of patients • single‐blind vs. double‐blind JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 18 6

  7. The Importance of a Patient’s Medical History JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 19 Medical History  S igns/ S ymptoms  A llergies  M edications  P ast pertinent history  L ast oral intake  E vents leading up to the illness JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 20 Medical History  Patient’s medical/health history may determine treatment  What impact will treatment have on patient’s condition  How a patient’s illness might complicate care JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 21 7

  8. New Developments in Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 22 New Developments  Extensive research/development continue in efforts to prevent, control, and cure  IDDM – insulin sensor/infuser implantation  Cervical cancer – vaccine against HPV JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 23 New Developments  Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has nearly 200 types, most are asymptomatic JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 24 8

  9. New Developments  Data collected by WHO, CDC, PHS, etc.  Awareness reports  Seems overwhelming but critical  Organizations provide broad range of information  Weight management  Pertussis vaccination  Identifying rabies  Latest resistant strands of microorganisms JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 25 Terminology used Throughout Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 26 Language of Pathophysiology  Gross Level vs. Microscopic Level  Gross – organ and system level  Microscopic – cellular level  Biopsy – excision of living tissue  Autopsy – examination after death JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 27 9

  10. Language of Pathophysiology  Determining Management  Diagnosis – identification of a specific disease  Etiology – cause of a specific disease  Idiopathic – cause of disease is unknown  Iatrogenic – disease caused by treatment, procedure, or error  Predisposing factors – tendencies towards a particular disease in an individual JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 28 Language of Pathophysiology  Preventive measure based on accurate research  Vaccinations  Proper diet/lifestyle  Cessation of harmful behavior  Removal of harmful materials JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 29 Language of Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 30 10

  11. Language of Pathophysiology  Pathogenesis – development of a disease  Onset – acute(sudden) or insidious(chronic)  Different possible stages of disease • subclinical state ‐ undetectable • latent stage – dormant • incubation period ‐ from exposure to signs/symptoms • prodromal period – nonspecific signs of an illness • manifestation – clinical evidence or effects JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 31 Language of Pathophysiology Signs – objective evidence of disease Symptoms – subjective sensations JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 32 Language of Pathophysiology  Disease Progression  Remission – manifestations subside  Exacerbation – increase in severity  Precipitating factors – triggers acute episode  Sequelae – potential unwanted outcomes of a condition  Therapy – treatment measures to promote recovery or slow progression JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 33 11

  12. Language of Pathophysiology  Convalescence – rehabilitation/recovery  Complications – an additional problem arising after the original disease begins JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 34 Language of Pathophysiology  Outcomes  Prognosis – probability for recovery/outcome  Morbidity – disease rate of a group  Mortality – death rate of a disease  Epidemiology – science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 35 Language of Pathophysiology  Occurrence of Disease  Epidemic – higher than normal disease rate in a given area  Pandemic – higher than normal disease rate in multiple areas  Incidence – number of new cases  Prevalence – number of existing cases JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 36 12

  13. Language of Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 37 Terms Used for Common Cellular Adaptations JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 38 Cellular Adaptation  Atrophy – decrease in the size of cells  Hypertrophy – increase in the size of cells  Hyperplasia – increase in the number of cells  Metaplasia – replacement of one mature cell type by another  Dysplasia – cells vary in size and shape JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 39 13

  14. Cellular Adaptation  Neoplasm – new growth (abnormal cells)  Benign – typically surrounded by fibrous sheath preventing metastasis  Malignant (cancer) – uninhibited abnormal cell growth  Anaplasia – undifferentiated cells (implies advanced malignancy and metastasis) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 40 Cellular Adaptation JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 41 The Common Causes of Cell Damage and Necrosis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 42 14

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