1
play

1 Context Pre - 1900: Small, colonial, concentric Political - PDF document

Oct 07, 2022 •455 likes •673 views

Thirteen years of policies to control injuries: The experience of Bogot, Colombia Andrs Villaveces MD PhD UNC Injury Prevention Research Center Research Assistant Professor Department of Epidemiology Carolina School of Public Health

  1. Thirteen years of policies to control injuries: The experience of Bogotá, Colombia Andrés Villaveces MD PhD UNC – Injury Prevention Research Center Research Assistant Professor Department of Epidemiology Carolina School of Public Health Injury prevention and control • Context • Principles • Violence prevention strategies • Transport injury reduction strategies • Future directions Context Since August 6 th , 1538 Altitude: 2,640 mts (8,661 feet) Average temperature: 14°C (57°F) Population: 7,185,889 Per capita GDP: US$ 3,300 Area: 300 km² (116 sq mi) Pop. Density : 21,000/km² (54,380.9/sq mi) 1

  2. Context Pre - 1900: Small, colonial, concentric Political violence at the end of 19 th century 1900-1930: Linear expansion tramways April 1948: Political violence Context 1930-1970: Bus and car development, huge demographic growth Political and community violence 1970-1999: Growth persists, increased density, insecurity, traffic congestion. Considerable increase in political violence, narcotraffic, and community violence. Context 1990’s Bogotá was choked with: - Institutional corruption - Rapid urbanization - 5% annual increase in population - Disorganized institutions - Lack of information - Lawless traffic - Severe problems of security - Inadequate city planning - Increased population demands 2

  3. Context • Four city administrations • Adequate fiscal management • Change in individual and institutional culture • Development of city infrastructure Injury prevention and control • Context • Principles • Violence prevention strategies • Transport injury reduction strategies • Future directions Principles • Respect for life • Egalitarianism • Use of non-violent strategies • Promotion of community control • Development of collective leadership • Sustainable, efficient, local solutions 3

  4. Program approach - 1 ”Educate the city” • Culture of citizenship • Public space • Environment • Social progress • Urban productivity • Institutional legitimacy Program approach - 2 “For the Bogotá we want” • De-marginalization • Social integration • City on a human scale • Mobility • Urbanism and services • Security and harmony • Institutional efficiency Injury prevention and control • Context • Principles • Violence prevention strategies • Transport injury reduction strategies • Future directions 4

  5. Initial strategy Political: • Majors from non-traditional parties (more freedom) • Strong public demand for change Economic: • Increase in revenue (doubling) • Simplifying taxes • Increase in gasoline taxes • Enforcement of tax evasion (real estate tax reviews) • Increase in real estate taxes based on urban improvements • Readjustment of public service tariffs • Co-pay from national government • Asking people to volunteer more tax $$ (65,000 responded) Initial strategy • Constitutional re-definition of security (less punitive) • Strengthening of metropolitan police - Resources - Education (Human rights, peaceful coexistence, developers of citizens. - Housing and insurance - Community participation • Justice system: (Family courts, mediation units, police stations, “Justice houses” (HR), improvement of detention centers • Improvement of services to vulnerable groups (homeless, sexual workers, addicts) Initial strategy • Prevention of risk factors of injuries (weapons, EtOH, change in attitudes and behavior of population, restrictions of fireworks, traffic policies. • Emergency preparedness • Institutional coordination: - District security council - Committee of surveillance of external causes of injuries - Local security councils 5

  6. Information system • Improvement of Legal Medicine Surveillance system • Improvement of police surveillance system • Standardization of key variables within systems • Integration to government secretariat (from 3 people to whole unit) • Use in security councils and incorporated as core element of governance Description of situation Injury-related mortality rates per 100,000, 1960-1993 • High mortality due to violence • Mostly among young men • 80% related to weapons (Without Bogotá) Bogotá Homicide Bogotá Transport-related fatalities * Data until September 2006 Source: National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences Interventions • Voluntary disarmament • Gun buy-back program (church key partner) • Reduction of functioning hours for bars – « hora zanahoria » • Stricter controls of alcohol sales • Ban of concealed firearms in selected time periods • Evidence based policies at short- medium- and long-term 6

  7. Interventions • Strategy to seize weapons applied citywide using police checkpoints, and traffic stops. • Strategy applied from Fridays at 18:00 hrs until Mondays at 06:00 hrs in the selected weekends. • Data collected from January 1995 to August 1997 Evaluation of interventions • 79 % of the homicides were due to firearms. Remaining % mainly knives or other cutting and piercing instruments. • Two thirds Males b/w 15-34 yrs. • 67% Occurred b/w 18:00-06:00 hrs. • 14% reduction in homicide rates when ban implemented Behavioral modifications • Non-aggressive behaviors through rule of law (Enforcement cards) • 420 mimes: “Twice disarmed” • Actors dressed as monks reflection on noise pollution • Mass initiatives to promote tax payments • Observatory of Urban Culture 7

  8. Links to other injury problems Modification of aggressive behaviors - In transport (road rage) - Towards institutions - Towards other citizens Injury prevention and control • Context • Principles • Violence prevention strategies • Transport injury reduction strategies • Future directions Transport - 876,000 private vehicles (16% use 95% of network) - 77,000 public service (22,000 buses, 55,000 taxis) - Average speed: 8.7 mph - 2-3 hrs commutes - 11 million trips/day - 8% unpaved 8

  9. Transportation: Objectives • Recovery of public space • Development of a Mass Transit System • Improvement of technology for traffic management • Development of alternative means of transport (i.e. Bicycles) • Reduction of use of private automobiles • Improvement of road network Public space and safety • High concentration of people who recycle garbage • Extremely poor living conditions • High level of homelessness • Poor health outcomes • Highest rates of violent crime in the city • Drug and weapon trafficking Public space and safety 1998 1999 2001 9

  10. Pedestrians and public space First semester 1998 November 2000 Pedestrians and public space First semester 1998 November 2000 Public space, and environment Creation of environmental axes 10

  11. Pedestrian mobility • Construction of the world’s longest pedestrian-only street – 17 km (10.2 miles) • Hundreds of miles of sidewalks in poorest neighborhoods Pedestrians and public space Recovery of space for pedestrians Before After BRT systems in the world: Rouen, FR Essen, DE Miami, FL Adelaide, AU Curitiba, BR 11

  12. BRT systems in the world: Bogotá, CO Economic strategy • Economically viable • US$ 3.3 billion master plan - Previous proposals LRT (16 miles) - BRT selected (241 miles) • Taxes, loans, negotiation with usual providers A world-class Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system of dedicated bus lanes called TransMilenio 12

  13. 1998 2000 Characteristics • Dedicated lanes • Fixed stations (every 800mts) • High frequency • Same level access • Electronic payment • GPS location of buses Network Feeder routes to Trunk routes 13

  14. Commuting times In some areas up to 50% reduction in commuting time Source: Tito Yepez, World Bank on TransMilenio SA. Replication • Replication of system in six other Colombian cities • Interest in Bogotá model among other countries including: • Santiago, CL • Panama City, PA • Lima, PE • Mexico DF, MX • Cape Town, Pretoria, Johannesburg, ZA • New Delhi, IN • Jakarta, Yogjakarta, Surabaya, ID • Guangzhou, Hong Kong, CN • USA Additional measures • DUI checks • Traffic calming measures • Legislation – « Pico y Placa » 14

  15. Community involvement • Proposition 1: Annual Car Free Day The institution of an annual Car Free Day for the city, building on an award winning experience (24 February 2000 ). • Proposition 2: Pico y Placa – 2015 Creation of a firm legal framework to support the phased elimination of all peak hour car traffic in the city, building in increments on the existing 'Pico y Placa' scheme and to be completed as of 2015. Results of the 29 October Consultation* Annual Car Free Day: Yes 63.1% No 26.3% Valid votes cast 1,253,053 Pico y Placa - 2015 Yes 51.2% No 34.3% Valid votes cast 1,016,674 * Source: Registraduría Distrital, 17 Nov. 2000 “Bikeways” • Started in the 80’s • Partial closure of road network on Sundays and holidays • Promotion of sport and recreation Bike routes: City-wide network • Latin America's largest network of bicycle routes, 150 miles long (250 km) 15

  16. Bike routes: Integrated system Integration with BRT 1997: 0.5% use bikes 2001: 5% use bikes Massive increase in sales of bicycles Car-Free Day The planet's biggest Car-Free Day, during which private vehicles are not allowed to enter the entire city of 135 square miles (35,000 hectares) - (Every first Thursday of February) 16

Recommend

More recommend